ON THE STUDY OF IRON SMELTING PRODUCTION OF THE SAKA OF THE KAZAKH ALTAI (BASED ON MATERIALS OF SETTLEMENT COMPLEX AKBAUYR)

К ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ЖЕЛЕЗОПЛАВИЛЬНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА У САКОВ КАЗАХСКОГО АЛТАЯ (ПО МАТЕРИАЛАМ ПОСЕЛЕНЧЕСКОГО КОМПЛЕКСА АКБАУЫР)
Samashev Z.S. Kutlu M. Kutlu L.
2025 Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, A.Kh. Khalikov Archaeology Institute

Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya
2025 #4 Issue 54 161 - 182 pp.

This study presents the results of archaeometric analyses conducted on four metallurgical slag samples recovered from settlements 1 and 6 of the Akbauyr complex in the Kazakh Altai dated to the Early Iron Age. The elemental composition of the samples was established using a combination of scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray ﬂuorescence (XRF) analysis. Mineralogical phases were identiﬁed using powder X-ray difraction (XRD). In addition to copper slag, two samples are of particular signiﬁcance due to their high iron content (about 80-90%) and the identiﬁcation of mineral phases such as magnetite, as well as associations of wüstite and magnetite. The presence of metallic iron and the absence of notable copper impurities in these slags suggest the intentional use of iron ores, allowing these samples to be classiﬁed as bloomery slags. The ﬁndings provide new insights into early metallurgical practices and contribute to the broader understanding of iron-smelting technologies in the Altai region during the Early Iron Age.

Akbauyr settlement , archaeology , iron smelting , Kazakh Altai , slag , the Early Iron Age , the Saka

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Institute of Archeology named after. A. Kh. Margulan, Beibitshilik St., 25, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
Yozgat Bozok University, Erdoğan Akdağ Kampüsü Atatürk Yolu 7. km, Yozgat, 66900, Turkey

Institute of Archeology named after. A. Kh. Margulan
Yozgat Bozok University

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