ALMA survey of orion planck galactic cold clumps (ALMASOP): Detection of extremely high-density compact structure of prestellar cores and multiple substructures within

Sahu D. Liu S.-Y. Liu T. Evans II N.J. Hirano N. Tatematsu K. Lee C.-F. Kim K.-T. Dutta S. Alina D. Bronfman L. Cunningham M. Eden D.J. Garay G. Goldsmith P.F. He J. Hsu S.-Y. Jhan K.-S. Johnstone D. Juvela M. Kim G. Kuan Y.-J. Kwon W. Lee C.W. Lee J.-E. Li D. Li P.S. Li S. Luo Q.-Y. Montillaud J. Moraghan A. Pelkonen V.-M. Qin S.-L. Ristorcelli I. Sanhueza P. Shang H. Shen Z.-Q. Soam A. Wu Y. Zhang Q. Zhou J.
20 January 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd

Astrophysical Journal Letters
2021 #907 Issue 1

Prestellar cores are self-gravitating dense and cold structures within molecular clouds where future stars are born. They are expected, at the stage of transitioning to the protostellar phase, to harbor centrally concentrated dense (sub)structures that will seed the formation of a new star or the binary/multiple stellar systems. Characterizing this critical stage of evolution is key to our understanding of star formation. In this work, we report the detection of high-density (sub)structures on the thousand-astronomical-unit (au) scale in a sample of dense prestellar cores. Through our recent ALMA observations toward the Orion Planck Galactic Cold Clumps, we have found five extremely dense prestellar cores, which have centrally concentrated regions of ∼2000 au in size, and several 107 cm-3 in average density. Masses of these centrally dense regions are in the range of 0.30 to 6.89M⊙. For the first time, our higher resolution observations (0.8 ∼ 320 au) further reveal that one of the cores shows clear signatures of fragmentation; such individual substructures/fragments have sizes of 800-1700 au, masses of 0.08 to 0.84M⊙, densities of 2 - 8 × 107 cm-3, and separations of ∼1200 au. The substructures are massive enough (≳0.1M⊙) to form young stellar objects and are likely examples of the earliest stage of stellar embryos that can lead to widely (∼1200 au) separated multiple systems.

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Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, No.1 Sec. 4 Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 80 Nandan Road, Shanghai, 200030, China
Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Austin, 78712-1205, TX, United States
Nobeyama Radio Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 462-2 Nobeyama, Minamimaki, Minamisaku, Nagano, 384-1305, Japan
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeokdae-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
University of Science and Technology Korea (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
Departamento de Astronomía, Universidad de Chile, Camino el Observatorio 1515, Las Condes, Santiago, Chile
School of Physics, University of New South Wales(UNSW), Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool Science Park, 146 Brownlow Hill, Liverpool, L3 5RF, United Kingdom
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, 91109, CA, United States
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming, 650216, China
Chinese Academy of Sciences, South America Center for Astronomy, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
National Taiwan University (NTU), Taiwan
NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics, 5071 West Saanich Road, Victoria, V9E 2E7, BC, Canada
Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Victoria, Victoria, V8P 5C2, BC, Canada
Department of Physics, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
Department of Earth Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Earth Science Education, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
School of Space Research, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-Daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-shi, Gyunggi-do, 17104, South Korea
National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa
Department of Astronomy, University of California, Berkeley, 94720, CA, United States
Institut UTINAM-UMR 6213-CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche Comté, OSU THETA, 41bis avenue de lObservatoire, Besançon, F-25000, France
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona, IEEC-UB, Martí i Franqués 1, Barcelona, E-08028, Spain
Department of Astronomy, Yunnan University, Key Laboratory of Particle Astrophysics of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650091, China
Université de Toulouse, UPS-OMP, IRAP, Toulouse cedex 4, F-31028, France
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan
Department of Astronomical Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8588, Japan
SOFIA Science Center, Universities Space Research Association, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, 94035, CA, United States
Department of Astronomy, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
Center for Astrophysics

Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, CAS: Urumqi, Xinjiang, China

Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics
Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
Department of Astronomy
Nobeyama Radio Observatory
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology Korea (UST)
Department of Physics
Departamento de Astronomía
School of Physics
Astrophysics Research Institute
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Yunnan Observatories
Chinese Academy of Sciences
National Taiwan University (NTU)
NRC Herzberg Astronomy and Astrophysics
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Department of Physics
Department of Earth Sciences
Department of Earth Science Education
School of Space Research
National Astronomical Observatories
NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre
Department of Astronomy
Institut UTINAM-UMR 6213-CNRS
Institut de Ciències del Cosmos
Department of Astronomy
Université de Toulouse
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
Department of Astronomical Science
SOFIA Science Center
Department of Astronomy
Center for Astrophysics

Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory

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