1-Carboxy-2-phenylethan-1-aminium Iodide 2-Azaniumyl-3-phenylpropanoate Crystals: Properties and Its Biochar-Based Application for Iodine Enrichment of Parsley
Sabitov A. Turganbay S. Kerimkulova A. Doszhanov Y. Saurykova K. Atamanov M. Zhumazhanov A. Bolatova D.
October 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
2025#15Issue 19
Iodine deficiency remains a significant nutritional problem, which stimulates the search for sustainable approaches to biofortification of vegetable crops. The aim of the work was to develop a “smart” bio-iodine fertilizer based on the organoiodide complex 1-carboxy-2-phenylethan-1-aminium iodide 2-azaniumyl-3-phenylpropanoate (PPI) and highly porous biochar from agro-waste, assessing its efficiency on the parsley model. PPI was synthesized and characterized (IR/UV spectroscopy, thermal analysis), and biochar was obtained by KOH activation and studied by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption (S_BET) methods, as well as standard physico-chemical characterization. The granulated composition PPI + biochar (BIOF) was tested in pot experiments in comparison with KI and control. The biomass of leaves and roots, iodine and organic nitrogen content, and antioxidant indices (ascorbic acid, total polyphenols, antioxidant activity) were assessed. BIOF provided a significant increase in yield and nutrition: leaf mass reached 86.55 g/plant versus 77.72 g/plant with KI and 65.04 g/plant in the control; root mass—up to 8.25 g/plant (p < 0.05). Iodine content in leaves and roots increased to 11.86 and 13.23 mg/kg (d.w.), respectively, while organic nitrogen levels increased simultaneously (57.37 and 36.63 mg/kg). A significant increase in the antioxidant status was noted (ascorbic acid 36.46 mg/100 g dry weight; antioxidant activity 44.48 mg GA/g; polyphenols 23.79 mg GA/g). The presented data show that the combination of PPI with activated biochar forms an effective platform for controlled supply of iodine to plants, increasing the yield and functional qualities of products; the prospects for implementation are associated with field trials and dosage optimization.
antioxidant activity , iodine , iodine fertilizer , parsley , phenylalaninium phenylalanine iodide , walnut shell biochar
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Institute of Combustion Problems, Bogenbay Batyr 172, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kazakh National Women’s Teacher Training University, Gogol Str., 114 k1, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Laboratory of New Substances and Materials, JSC Scientific Center for Anti-Infectious Drugs, Al-Farabi 75B, Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
Department of Material Sciences, Nanotechnology and Engineering Physics, Satbayev University, Satbayev Str. 22a, Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Development, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi Ave. 71, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Department of Science, International IT University, Manas 34/1, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Institute of Combustion Problems
Faculty of Natural Sciences
Laboratory of New Substances and Materials
Department of Material Sciences
UNESCO Chair in Sustainable Development
Department of Science
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