The genomic natural history of the aurochs

Rossi C. Sinding M.-H.S. Mullin V.E. Scheu A. Erven J.A.M. Verdugo M.P. Daly K.G. Ciucani M.M. Mattiangeli V. Teasdale M.D. Diquelou D. Manin A. Bangsgaard P. Collins M. Lord T.C. Zeibert V. Zorzin R. Vinter M. Timmons Z. Kitchener A.C. Street M. Haruda A.F. Tabbada K. Larson G. Frantz L.A.F. Gehlen B. Alhaique F. Tagliacozzo A. Fornasiero M. Pandolfi L. Karastoyanova N. Sørensen L. Kiryushin K. Ekström J. Mostadius M. Grandal-d’Anglade A. Vidal-Gorosquieta A. Benecke N. Kropp C. Grushin S.P. Gilbert M.T.P. Merts I. Merts V. Outram A.K. Rosengren E. Kosintsev P. Sablin M. Tishkin A.A. Makarewicz C.A. Burger J. Bradley D.G.
7 November 2024 Nature Research

Nature
2024 #635 Issue 8037 136 - 141 pp.

Now extinct, the aurochs (Bos primigenius) was a keystone species in prehistoric Eurasian and North African ecosystems, and the progenitor of cattle (Bos taurus), domesticates that have provided people with food and labour for millennia¹. Here we analysed 38 ancient genomes and found 4 distinct population ancestries in the aurochs—European, Southwest Asian, North Asian and South Asian—each of which has dynamic trajectories that have responded to changes in climate and human influence. Similarly to Homo heidelbergensis, aurochsen first entered Europe around 650 thousand years ago², but early populations left only trace ancestry, with both North Asian and European B. primigenius genomes coalescing during the most recent glaciation. North Asian and European populations then appear separated until mixing after the climate amelioration of the early Holocene. European aurochsen endured the more severe bottleneck during the Last Glacial Maximum, retreating to southern refugia before recolonizing from Iberia. Domestication involved the capture of a small number of individuals from the Southwest Asian aurochs population, followed by early and pervasive male-mediated admixture involving each ancestral strain of aurochs after domestic stocks dispersed beyond their cradle of origin.

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Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Palaeogenetics Group, Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution (iomE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Globe Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Bioinformatics Support Unit, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network, Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Independent researcher, Langcliffe, United Kingdom
Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Verona, Verona, Italy
Vendsyssel Historical Museum, Hjørring, Denmark
Department of Natural Sciences, National Museums Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
LEIZA, Archaeological Research Centre and Museum for Human Behavioural Evolution, Schloss Monrepos, Neuwied, Germany
Palaeogenomics Group, Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
Bioarchaeology Service, Museo delle Civiltà, Piazza Guglielmo Marconi, Rome, Italy
Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Museo della Natura e dell’ Uomo, Padova, Italy
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Department of Paleontology and Mineralogy, National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Recreational Geography, Service, Tourism and Hospitality, Institute of Geography, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
The Biological Museum, Lund University, Arkivcentrum Syd, Lund, Sweden
Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
German Archaeological Institute, Central Department, Berlin, Germany
Lauresham Laboratory for Experimental Archaeology, UNESCO-Welterbestätte Kloster Lorsch, Lorsch, Germany
Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Centre for Palaeogenetics, Stockholm, Sweden
Lund University Historical Museum, Lund, Sweden
Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Department of History, Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory, Institute of Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

Smurfit Institute of Genetics
Department of Biology
Palaeogenetics Group
Groningen Institute of Archaeology
School of Agriculture and Food Science
Globe Institute
Bioinformatics Support Unit
Palaeogenomics and Bio-Archaeology Research Network
McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research
Independent researcher
Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations
Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia
Vendsyssel Historical Museum
Department of Natural Sciences
School of Geosciences
LEIZA
Palaeogenomics Group
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory
Bioarchaeology Service
Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia
Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra
Department of Paleontology and Mineralogy
National Museum of Denmark
Department of Recreational Geography
The Biological Museum
Instituto Universitario de Xeoloxía
German Archaeological Institute
Lauresham Laboratory for Experimental Archaeology
Department of Archaeology
Toraighyrov University
Department of Archaeology and History
Department of Archaeology and Ancient History
Centre for Palaeogenetics
Lund University Historical Museum
Paleoecology Laboratory
Department of History
Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Archaeology Stable Isotope Laboratory
University of Haifa

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