Phytochemical Profiling by HPLC-DAD, GC-MS, and ICP-OES and Bioactive Potential of Salsola kali L.: Structural Elucidation and ADME/T Evaluation for Pharmacological Insights
Rima H. Aouzal B. Bendif H. Öztürk M. Sener G.G. Boufahja F. Rebbas K. Walid E. Couto S.R. Garzoli S.
2025John Wiley and Sons Ltd
Journal of Chemistry
2025#2025Issue 1
Salsola kali L., a halophytic plant renowned for its resilience in arid and saline environments, possesses a rich and diverse phytochemical profile with significant bioactive potential. This study provides a comprehensive phytochemical and pharmacological evaluation of S. kali extracts, employing an integrative analytical approach combining gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). The phenolic composition of the methanolic extract revealed 17 identified compounds, with quercetin 3-O-β-galactoside (14.74 mg/g extract) and pyrocatechol (14.54 mg/g extract) being the most abundant, followed by other notable compounds highlighting the plant’s phenolic diversity. Furthermore, bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties of the identified bioactive compounds were predicted using SwissADME and pkCSM tools, revealing favorable drug-like characteristics. GC-FID analysis revealed that the hexane extract primarily contained saturated fatty acids, with palmitic acid being the most abundant, comprising 55.17% of total fatty acids. The mineral content analysis revealed a rich profile of essential macro- and micronutrients, with potassium (2.62%) as major constituents, alongside high levels of iron (379.82 mg/L). Pharmacological assessments demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, with the methanol extract showing moderate DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 = 90.85 ± 0.91 μg/mL), while the hexane extract exhibited lower activity (IC50 = 542.59 ± 2.68 μg/mL). The methanol extract also displayed promising enzyme inhibitory effects, with moderate activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and notable inhibition of α-glucosidase. However, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition was not observed at concentrations below 200 μg/mL. This study elucidates the structural and functional attributes of S. kali metabolites, emphasizing their potential as antioxidants, enzyme inhibitors, and nutrient sources for therapeutic use. Copyright
antioxidant activity , bioavailability , enzyme inhibition , essential minerals , fatty acids , pharmacokinetics , phenolic compounds
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Department of Ecology and Environment, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Natural Resources Valorization Laboratory (LVRN), Farhat Abbas Sétif-1 University, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Nature and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University 20 August 1955, Skikda, 21000, Algeria
Biology Department, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 11623, Saudi Arabia
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, 48121, Turkey
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Natural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of M’sila, University Pole Road Bordj Bou Arreiridj, M’sila, 28000, Algeria
Department of Separation Science, LUT School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, Sammonkatu 12, Mikkeli, 50130, Finland
Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, Rome, 00185, Italy
Department of Ecology and Environment
Department of Nature and Life Sciences
Biology Department
Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Department of Natural and Life Sciences
Department of Separation Science
Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug
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