Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990â€“2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Reitsma M.B. Kendrick P.J. Ababneh E. Abbafati C. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abdoli A. Abedi A. Abhilash E.S. Abila D.B. Aboyans V. Abu-Rmeileh N.M. Adebayo O.M. Advani S.M. Aghaali M. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad S. Ahmadi K. Ahmed H. Aji B. Akunna C.J. Al-Aly Z. Alanzi T.M. Alhabib K.F. Ali L. Alif S.M. Alipour V. Aljunid S.M. Alla F. Allebeck P. Alvis-Guzman N. Amin T.T. Amini S. Amu H. Amul G.G.H. Ancuceanu R. Anderson J.A. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Antonio C.A.T. Antony B. Anvari D. Arabloo J. Arian N.D. Arora M. Asaad M. Ausloos M. Awan A.T. Ayano G. Aynalem G.L. Azari S. Darshan B. Badiye A.D. Baig A.A. Bakhshaei M.H. Banach M. Banik P.C. Barker-Collo S.L. BÃ¤rnighausen T.W. Barqawi H.J. Basu S. Bayati M. Bazargan-Hejazi S. Behzadifar M. Bekuma T.T. Bennett D.A. Bensenor I.M. Berfield K.S.S. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhattacharyya K. Bibi S. Bijani A. Bintoro B.S. Biondi A. Birara S. Braithwaite D. Brenner H. Brunoni A.R. Burkart K. Butt Z.A. Caetano dos Santos F.L. Cámera L.A. Car J. Cárdenas R. Carreras G. Carrero J.J. Castaldelli-Maia J.M. Cattaruzza M.S. Chang J.-C. Chen S. Chu D.-T. Chung S.-C. Cirillo M. Costa V.M. Couto R.A.S. Dadras O. Dai X. Damasceno A.A.M. Damiani G. Dandona L. Dandona R. Daneshpajouhnejad P. Darega Gela J. Davletov K. Derbew Molla M. Dessie G.A. Desta A.A. Dharmaratne S.D. Dianatinasab M. Diaz D. Do H.T. Douiri A. Duncan B.B. Duraes A.R. Eagan A.W. Ebrahimi Kalan M. Edvardsson K. Elbarazi I. El Tantawi M. Esmaeilnejad S. Fadhil I. Faraon E.J.A. Farinha C.S.S. Farwati M. Farzadfar F. Fazlzadeh M. Feigin V.L. Feldman R. Fernandez Prendes C. Ferrara P. Filip I. Filippidis F. Fischer F. Flor L.S. Foigt N.A. Folayan M.O. Foroutan M. Gad M.M. Gaidhane A.M. Gallus S. Geberemariyam B.S. Ghafourifard M. Ghajar A. Ghashghaee A. Giampaoli S. Gill P.S. Glozah F.N. Gnedovskaya E.V. Golechha M. Gopalani S.V. Gorini G. Goudarzi H. Goulart A.C. Greaves F. Guha A. Guo Y. Gupta B. Gupta R.D. Gupta R. Gupta T. Gupta V. Hafezi-Nejad N. Haider M.R. 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Kosen S. Koyanagi A. Olagunju A.T. Lam J.O. Landires I. Lee Y. Lin H. Liu W. Zhang J. Lopukhov P.D. Malta D.C. Mathur M.R. Medina-SolÃs C.E. Meretoja T.J. Mohammed S. Schutte A.E. Morrison S.D. Mubarik S. Yu C. Nair S. Nair S. Nair S. Neupane Kandel S. Nguyen C.T. Nguyen H.L.T. Nguyen S.H. Nguyen T.H. Oh I. M P A Pandey A. Pandey A. Parekh U. Pawar S. Rahman A. Rahman M. Rahman M. Rahman M. Roever L. Roy A. Roy B. Sacco S. Shalash A.S. Schneider I.J.C. Seidu Mphil A. Sinha D.N. Sinha D.N. Tripathy J.P. Vardavas C. Varona PÃ©rez P. Vetrova M.V. Waheed Y. Zaman M.S. Zuniga Y.H.
19 June 2021 Elsevier B.V.

The Lancet
2021 #397 Issue 10292 2337 - 2360 pp.

Background: Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally. Methods: We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available. Findings: Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers. Interpretation: In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens. Funding: Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Medical School, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
Department of Neurology, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Epidemiology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
Faculty of Public Health
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju, Surabaya, Indonesia
Independent Consultant, Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
Tabriz, Iran
Independent Consultant, Santa Clara, CA, United States
School of Business
Department of Applied Microbiology, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
Department for Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Department of Pediatrics, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
Clinical Legal Medicine Department, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, United States
College of Science and Engineering, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Health Promotion and Education, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Infectious Diseases Department, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russian Federation
Faculty of Medicine, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
School of Public Health and Health Management
Department of Epidemiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Global Health, Economics and Policy
Division of Community Health and Family Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Bangalore Baptist Hospital, Bangalore, India
Sydney Medical School, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Save Sight Institute
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Surveillance and Health Services Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Public Health Department of Social Medicine, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Health Management, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Department of Health Services Research, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Research and Development Center for Health Services
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Medical Statistics Department
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Preventive Medicine, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, South Korea
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center
Cardiovascular Research Center
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion
Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Department of Community Medicine, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, India
Department of Community Medicine, Dr Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Health Services Management Training Centre, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
School of Public Health, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Sydney Eye Hospital, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Pharmacy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Preventive Medicine, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Institute of Health Services Research
Big Data Department, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Nutrition, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Simmons University, Boston, MA, United States
University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Independent Consultant, Jakarta, Indonesia
Kasturba Medical College, Udupi, India
CIBERSAM
Barcelona, Spain
Department of Anthropology
University of Environment and Sustainable Development, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Somanya, Ghana
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Medicine, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
Faculty of Public Health, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
National Institute for Health Research, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Division of Research
Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, CA, United States
Ministry of Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
Herrera, Panama
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Father Muller Medical College, Mangalore, India
Graduate School of Public Health, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research, Ajou University, Suwon-si, South Korea
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
School of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Institute for Health and Environment, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
School of Health Sciences
Department of General Practice
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
Institute of Nutritional Sciences, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Jena, Germany
Environmental Health Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
Institute for Social Science Research, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Queensland, Indooroopilly, QLD, Australia
Psychiatry Department, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengalore, India
Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset, Valencia, Spain
Indonesian Public Health Association, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Surabaya, Indonesia
Institute of Population Health Sciences
Department of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Ministry of Health, Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Pachuca, Mexico
Kathmandu, Nepal
Peru Country Office
Neurology Unit, Lima, Peru
Breast Surgery Unit
Center for Innovation in Medical Education, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
Woman-Mother-Child Department
Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
Internal Medicine Programme
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, Kyrgyz State Medical Academy, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
World Health Organization, Burlo Garofolo Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Trieste, Italy
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity
Section of Plastic Surgery, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Health Action by People, Government Medical College Trivandrum, Trivandrum, India
Trivandrum, India
Suraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, India
Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy
Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, University of Science, Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Department of Biotechnology, Government Medical College, Mysore, India
Bupa Clemton Park, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Bupa, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Duy Tan University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
School of Public Health and Family Medicine
Department of Paediatrics & Child Health
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
Department of Preventive Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Psychiatry, Kyung Hee University, Dongdaemun-gu, South Korea
Graduate School of Public Health, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States
Department of Project Management, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Medicine, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara Academy of Health Education and Research, Mysore, India
Department of Health Metrics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Research Department, Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation, Bucharest, Romania
Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Public Health Research Society Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine, Pramukhswami Medical College, Anand, India
Population Health Theme, Kosin University, Busan, South Korea
Department of Genetics, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Medicine, Baruch S Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA, United States
HIV and Mental Health Department, Xavier University School of Medicine, Woodbury, NY, United States
Department of Biochemistry, Integrated Development Foundation Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
Health Sciences Department, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
College of Medicine, Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta, Sukoharjo, Indonesia
Data Mining Research Unit, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions, Maharishi Markandeshwar Medical College & Hospital, Solan, India
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Federation University Australia, Berwick, VIC, Australia
Future Technology Research Center, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute of Research and Development, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin, Taiwan
Department of Cardiology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Research Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Health and Public Policy Department, Policy Research Institute, Kathmandu, Nepal
School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Global Center for Research and Development, Kathmandu, Nepal
School of Social Sciences and Psychology, CQ University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Tobacco Research, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, National Institute of

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Surgery
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
University of Washington
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Juridical and Economic Studies
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Radiology
Department of Botany
Department of Pathology
Faculty of Biology
Department of Cardiology
University of Limoges
Limoges
Institute of Community and Public Health
College of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Social Behavioral Research Branch
Department of Oncology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research
School of Health
Faculty of Pharmacy
Lincoln Medical School
Department of Biosciences
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Public Health
John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Forensic Medicine Division
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Department of Cardiac Sciences
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Department of Biological Sciences
Multidisciplinary Department
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Student Research Committee
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Bordeaux School of Public Health
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Research Group in Health Economics
Public Health Department
Department of Health Services Management
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Institute of Global Health
Research for Impact
Pharmacy Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Health Policy and Administration
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Menzies Institute for Medical Research
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Health Promotion Division
Health Policy Research
Public Health Foundation of India
Research Department
Department of Plastic Surgery
School of Business
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
School of Nursing and Health Sciences
Continuing Education Grant Writing Academy
School of Public Health
Department of Clinical Midwifery
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Surgical Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
University of Gondar
Manipal Institute of Management
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Forensic Science
Unit of Biochemistry
Faculty of Business and Management
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Cardiology
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Lodz
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
School of Psychology
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health
Department of Ophthalmology
T H Chan School of Public Health
Center for Primary Care
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
Division of General Internal Medicine
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Imperial College Business School
Health Human Resources Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Public Health
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research
Thoracic Surgery
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Surgical Oncology
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Health Behaviour
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy Department
Cancer Population Sciences Program
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Institute of Microengineering
Internal Medicine Department
Board of Directors
Argentine Society of Medicine
Centre for Population Health Sciences
Department of Health Care
Oncological Network
Institute for Cancer Research
College of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute of Cardiovascular Science
Health Data Research UK
London
Department of Public Health
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences
Department of Chemical Sciences
Department of Chemistry
Department of Health Informatics
Graduate School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi
Department of Dermatology
Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute
Indian Council of Medical Research
New Delhi
Department of Pathology
Department of Pathology
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology
Department of Public Health
Health Research Institute
Department of Nursing
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Institute of Health Economics and Technology
Hanoi
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Social Services
Department of Epidemiology
College of Science
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Physiology
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch
Division of Non-Communicable Diseases
Dissemination Division
Activity Planning and Control Unit
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
School of Medicine
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Third Department of Neurology
Research Center of Neurology
Vascular Surgery Deparment
Vascular Surgery Department
Department of Medical Sciences
Research Center on Public Health
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research
Sergio Arouca National School of Public Health
Rio de Janeiro
Federal University of EspÃrito Santo
Institute of Gerontology
Department of Child Dental Health
Department of Medical Parasitology
Gillings School of Global Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Environmental Health Sciences
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Biotechnology Research Center
Molecular Medicine Research Center
Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics
Mount Auburn Hospital
Department of Cardiovascular Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging
Medical School
Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences
Health Systems and Policy Research
Hudson College of Public Health
Department of Health and Social Affairs
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Center for Environmental and Health Sciences
Health Improvement Directorate
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences
Centre for Noncommunicable Diseases and Nutrition
Department of Preventive Cardiology
Department of Medicine
Department of Civil Engineering
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Institute for Global Tobacco Control
Department of Social and Public Health
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Medical School
Department of Neurology
Department of Epidemiology
Faculty of Public Health
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju
Independent Consultant
Tabriz
Independent Consultant
School of Business
Department of Applied Microbiology
Department of Microbiology
Department for Health
Department of Pediatrics
Clinical Legal Medicine Department
College of Science and Engineering
Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Infectious Diseases Department
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization
Faculty of Medicine
School of Public Health and Health Management
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Global Health
Division of Community Health and Family Medicine
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Surveillance and Health Services Research
Public Health Department of Social Medicine
Department of Health Management
Department of Health Services Research
Research and Development Center for Health Services
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
Medical Statistics Department
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Institute of Comparative Economic Studies
Department of Preventive Medicine
Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center
Social Development and Health Promotion Research Center
Cardiovascular Research Center
Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
Department of Health Education and Health Promotion
Department of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Health Services Management Training Centre
Institute of Family Medicine and Public Health
School of Public Health
Sydney Eye Hospital
MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit
School of Pharmacy
Jimma University
Department of Public Health
Department of Preventive Medicine
Institute of Health Services Research
Big Data Department
Department of Nutrition
Department of Public Health
University of Helsinki
Independent Consultant
Kasturba Medical College
CIBERSAM
Barcelona
Department of Anthropology
University of Environment and Sustainable Development
Somanya
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences
Faculty of Public Health
National Institute for Health Research
Division of Research
Unit of Genetics and Public Health
Ministry of Health
Herrera
Department of Otorhinolaryngology
Institute of Clinical Physiology
Graduate School of Public Health
Center for Youth Substance Abuse Research
School of Public Health
School of Public Health
Institute for Health and Environment
Melbourne School of Population and Global Health
School of Health Sciences
Department of General Practice
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
Institute of Nutritional Sciences
Jena
Environmental Health Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Institute for Social Science Research
Department of Psychiatry
Psychiatry Department
Department of Medicine
Indonesian Public Health Association
Surabaya
Institute of Population Health Sciences
Department of Dentistry
Ministry of Health
Kathmandu
Peru Country Office
Neurology Unit
Breast Surgery Unit
Center for Innovation in Medical Education
Pomeranian Medical University
Woman-Mother-Child Department
Lausanne University Hospital
Internal Medicine Programme
Department of Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease
Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
Clinical Epidemiology and Public Health Research Unit
World Health Organization
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity
Section of Plastic Surgery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
Health Action by People
Trivandrum
Suraj Eye Institute
Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy
Mysore Medical College and Research Institute
Department of Biotechnology
Bupa Clemton Park
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine
Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders
South African Medical Research Council
School of Public Health and Family Medicine
Department of Paediatrics & Child Health
Department of Clinical Sciences
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
Department of Neurobiology
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Graduate School of Public Health
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization
Department of Project Management
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Health Metrics
Research Department
Research Department
Department of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology
Department of Medical Humanities and Social Medicine
Population Health Theme
Department of Genetics
Pennsylvania Cancer and Regenerative Medicine Center
Department of Medicine
HIV and Mental Health Department
Department of Biochemistry
Health Sciences Department
College of Medicine
Data Mining Research Unit
Department of Community Medicine
School of Nursing and Healthcare Professions
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Future Technology Research Center
Institute of Research and Development
Department of Cardiology
Research Department
Health and Public Policy Department
School of Health
School of Social Sciences and Psychology
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Tobacco Research
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center

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