Apophis Planetary Defense Campaign
Reddy V. Kelley M.S. Dotson J. Farnocchia D. Erasmus N. Polishook D. Masiero J. Benner L.A.M. Bauer J. Alarcon M.R. Balam D. Bamberger D. Bell D. Barnardi F. Bressi T.H. Brozovic M. Brucker M.J. Buzzi L. Cano J. Cantillo D. Cennamo R. Chastel S. Chingis O. Choi Y.-J. Christensen E. Denneau L. Dróżdż M. Elenin L. Erece O. Faggioli L. Falco C. Glamazda D. Graziani F. Heinze A.N. Holman M.J. Ivanov A. Jacques C. van Rensburg P.J. Kaiser G. Kamiński K. Kamińska M.K. Kaplan M. Kim D.-H. Kim M.-J. Kiss C. Kokina T. Kuznetsov E. Larsen J.A. Lee H.-J. Lees R.C. de León J. Licandro J. Mainzer A. Marciniak A. Marsset M. Mastaler R.A. Mathias D.L. McMillan R.S. Medeiros H. Micheli M. Mokhnatkin A. Moon H.-K. Morate D. Naidu S.P. Nastasi A. Novichonok A. Ogłoza W. Pál A. Pérez-Toledo F. Perminov A. Petrescu E. Popescu M. Read M.T. Reichart D.E. Reva I. Roh D.-G. Rumpf C. Satpathy A. Schmalz S. Scotti J.V. Serebryanskiy A. Serra-Ricart M. Sonbas E. Szakáts R. Taylor P.A. Tonry J.L. Tubbiolo A.F. Veres P. Wainscoat R. Warner E. Weiland H.J. Wells G. Weryk R. Wheeler L.F. Wiebe Y. Yim H.-S. Żejmo M. Zhornichenko A. Zoła S. Michel P.
1 May 2022Institute of Physics
Planetary Science Journal
2022#3Issue 5
We describe results of a planetary defense exercise conducted during the close approach to Earth by the near-Earth asteroid (99942) Apophis during 2020 December–2021 March. The planetary defense community has been conducting observational campaigns since 2017 to test the operational readiness of the global planetary defense capabilities. These community-led global exercises were carried out with the support of NASA’s Planetary Defense Coordination Office and the International Asteroid Warning Network. The Apophis campaign is the third in our series of planetary defense exercises. The goal of this campaign was to recover, track, and characterize Apophis as a potential impactor to exercise the planetary defense system including observations, hypothetical risk assessment and risk prediction, and hazard communication. Based on the campaign results, we present lessons learned about our ability to observe and model a potential impactor. Data products derived from astrometric observations were available for inclusion in our risk assessment model almost immediately, allowing real-time updates to the impact probability calculation and possible impact locations. An early NEOWISE diameter measurement provided a significant improvement in the uncertainty on the range of hypothetical impact outcomes. The availability of different characterization methods such as photometry, spectroscopy, and radar provided robustness to our ability to assess the potential impact risk.
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Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, 85721, AZ, United States
Planetary Defense Coordination Office, Planetary Science Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, 20546, DC, United States
NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, 94035, CA, United States
Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, 91109, CA, United States
South African Astronomical Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
Faculty of Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
Caltech/IPAC, Pasadena, 91125, CA, United States
Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, United States
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, C/Vía Láctea s/n, Canarias, La Laguna, E-38205, Spain
Departamento de Astrofísica, Universidad de La Laguna, Canarias, La Laguna, E-38205, Spain
University of Victoria, Victoria, V8W 3P6, BC, Canada
Northolt Branch Observatories, Alfred-Wegener-Straße 34, Marburg, D-35039, Germany
Minor Planet Center, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, 02138, MA, United States
SpaceDyS s.r.l., PI, Navacchio di Cascina, I-56023, Italy
Società Astronomica Schiapparelli, Varese, I-21100, Italy
ESA NEO Coordination Centre, RM, Frascati, I-00044, Italy
Institute for Astronomy, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, 96822, HI, United States
Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute, Almaty, 050020, Kazakhstan
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, 776 Daedeok-daero, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34055, South Korea
University of Science and Technology, 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34113, South Korea
Mt. Suhora Observatory, Pedagogical University, Podchoraż̧ ych 2, Cracow, 30-084, Poland
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 125047, Russian Federation
Department of Space Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University, Antalya, 07058, Turkey
TUBITAK National Observatory, Akdeniz University Campus, Antalya, 07058, Turkey
GAL Hassin, Centro Internazionale per le Scienze Astronomiche, PA, Isnello, I-90010, Italy
Kourovka Astronomical Observatory, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, 620000, Russian Federation
GAUSS Srl, Rome, I-00138, Italy
Kuban State University, Krasnodar, 350040, Russian Federation
Southern Observatory for Near Earth Asteroids Research, Morro do Diamante, Minas Gerais, Oliveira, 35540, Brazil
Department of Astronomy, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Słoneczna 36, Poznań, 60-286, Poland
Konkoly Observatory, Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Konkoly Thege Miklós út 15-17, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Sin., Culiacán Rosales, 80040, Mexico
United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, 21402, MD, United States
Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, 02139, MA, United States
Chungbuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28644, South Korea
Petrozavodsk State University, Petrozavodsk, 185035, Russian Federation
Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, 70 Vassar Street, Cambridge, 02109, MA, United States
ESA ESOC, Robert-Bosch-Straße 5, Darmstadt, D-64293, Germany
Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy, 5, Cutitul de Argint, Bucharest, 040557, Romania
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, 27599, NC, United States
University of Adiyaman, Department of Physics, Adiyaman, 02040, Turkey
Lunar and Planetary Institute, Universities Space Research Association, Houston, 77058, TX, United States
Northolt Branch Observatories, Northolt, Middlesex, UB5 4AG, United Kingdom
Kepler Institute of Astronomy, University of Zielona Góra, Lubuska 2, Zielona Góra, 65-265, Poland
Astronomical Observatory, Jagiellonian University, ul. Orla 171, Cracow, 30-244, Poland
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, BP 4229, Nice, F-06304 Cedex, France
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
Planetary Defense Coordination Office
NASA Ames Research Center
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
South African Astronomical Observatory
Faculty of Physics
Caltech/IPAC
Department of Astronomy
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias
Departamento de Astrofísica
University of Victoria
Northolt Branch Observatories
Minor Planet Center
SpaceDyS s.r.l.
Società Astronomica Schiapparelli
ESA NEO Coordination Centre
Institute for Astronomy
Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute
University of Science and Technology
Mt. Suhora Observatory
Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics
Department of Space Sciences and Technologies
TUBITAK National Observatory
GAL Hassin
Kourovka Astronomical Observatory
GAUSS Srl
Kuban State University
Southern Observatory for Near Earth Asteroids Research
Department of Astronomy
Astronomical Observatory Institute
Konkoly Observatory
Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa
United States Naval Academy
Department of Earth
Chungbuk National University
Petrozavodsk State University
Eötvös Loránd University
MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research
ESA ESOC
Astronomical Institute of the Romanian Academy
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
University of Adiyaman
Lunar and Planetary Institute
Northolt Branch Observatories
Kepler Institute of Astronomy
Astronomical Observatory
Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur
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