Immunology of acute and chronic wound healing
Raziyeva K. Kim Y. Zharkinbekov Z. Kassymbek K. Jimi S. Saparov A.
May 2021MDPI AG
Biomolecules
2021#11Issue 5
Skin wounds greatly affect the global healthcare system, creating a substantial burden on the economy and society. Moreover, the situation is exacerbated by low healing rates, which in fact are overestimated in reports. Cutaneous wounds are generally classified into acute and chronic. The immune response plays an important role during acute wound healing. The activation of immune cells and factors initiate the inflammatory process, facilitate wound cleansing and promote subsequent tissue healing. However, dysregulation of the immune system during the wound healing process leads to persistent inflammation and delayed healing, which ultimately result in chronic wounds. The microenvironment of a chronic wound is characterized by high quantities of pro-inflammatory macrophages, overexpression of inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and IL-1β, increased activity of matrix metalloproteinases and abundance of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, chronic wounds are frequently complicated by bacterial biofilms, which perpetuate the inflammatory phase. Continuous inflammation and microbial biofilms make it very difficult for the chronic wounds to heal. In this review, we discuss the role of innate and adaptive immunity in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic wounds. Furthermore, we review the latest immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies, including modifying macrophage phenotype, regulating miRNA expression and targeting pro-and anti-inflammatory factors to improve wound healing.
Acute wound , Adaptive immunity , Chronic wound , Cutaneous wound healing , Innate immunity
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Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
Central Lab for Pathology and Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
Department of Medicine
Central Lab for Pathology and Morphology
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026