The case for simplifying and using absolute targets for viral hepatitis elimination goals

Razavi H. Blach S. Razavi-Shearer D. Abaalkhail F. Abbas Z. Abdallah A. Abrao Ferreira P. Abu Raddad L.J. Adda D. Agarwal K. Aghemo A. Ahmed A. Al-Busafi S.A. Al-hamoudi W. Al-Kaabi S. Al-Romaihi H. Aljarallah B. AlNaamani K. Alqahtani S. Alswat K. Altraif I. Asselah T. Bacon B. Bessone F. Bizri A.R. Block T. Bonino F. Brandão-Mello C.E. Brown K. Bruggmann P. Brunetto M.R. Buti M. Cabezas J. Calleja J.L. Castro Batänjer E. Chan H.L.-Y. Chang H. Chen C.-J. Christensen P.B. Chuang W.-L. Cisneros L. Cohen C. Colombo M. Conway B. Cooper C. Craxi A. Crespo J. Croes E. Cryer D. Cupertino de Barros F.P. Derbala M. Dillon J. Doss W. Dou X. Doyle J. Duberg A.-S. Dugan E. Dunn R. Dusheiko G. El Khayat H. El-Sayed M.H. Eshraghian A. Esmat G. Esteban Mur R. Ezzat S. Falconer K. Fassio E. Ferrinho P. Flamm S. Flisiak R. Foster G. Fung J. García-Samaniego J. Gish R.G. Gonçales F. Halota W. Hamoudi W. Hassany M. Hatzakis A. Hay S. Himatt S. Hoepelman I.M. Hsu Y.-C. Hui Y.T. Hunyady B. Jacobson I. Janjua N. Janssen H. Jarcuska P. Kabagambe K. Kanto T. Kao J.-H. Kaymakoglu S. Kershenobich D. Khamis F. Kim D.J. Kim D.Y. Kondili L.A. Kottilil S. Kramvis A. Kugelmas M. Kurosaki M. Lacombe K. Lagging M. Lao W.-C. Lavanchy D. Lazarus J.V. Lee A. Lee S.S. Levy M. Liakina V. Lim Y.-S. Liu S. Maddrey W. Malekzadeh R. Marinho R.T. Mathur P. Maticic M. Mendes Correa M.C. Mera J. Merat S. Mogawer S. Mohamed R. Muellhaupt B. Muljono D. Mostafa I. Nahum M.S. Nawaz A. Negro F. Ninburg M. Ning Q. Ntiri- Reid B. Nymadawa P. Oevrehus A. Ormeci N. Orrego M. Osman A. Oyunsuren T. Pan C. Papaevangelou V. Papatheodoridis G. Popping S. Prasad P. Prithiviputh R. Qureshi H. Ramji A. Razavi-Shearer K. Reddy R. Remak W. Richter C. Ridruejo E. Robaeys G. Roberts S. Roberts L. Roudot-Thoraval F. Saab S. Said S. Salamat A. Sanai F. Sanchez-Avila J.F. Schiff E. Schinazi R. Sebastiani G. Seguin-Devaux C. Shanmugam R.P. Sharara A. Shilton S. Shouval D. Sievert W. Simonova M. Sohrabpour A.A. Sonderup M. Soza A. Wendy Spearman C. Steinfurth N. Sulkowski M. Tan S.-S. Tanaka J. Tashi D. Thein H.-H. Thompson P. Tolmane I. Toy M. Valantinas J. Van de Vijver D. Vélez-Möller P. Vince A. Waked I. Wang S. Wedemeyer H. Wong V. Xie Q. Yamada S. Yang H.-I. Yesmembetov K. Yilmaz Y. Younossi Z. Yu M.-L. Yuen M.-F. Yurdaydin C. Yusuf A. Zekry A. Zeuzem S.
January 2021 John Wiley and Sons Inc

Journal of Viral Hepatitis
2021 #28 Issue 1 12 - 19 pp.

The 69th World Health Assembly endorsed the Global Health Sector Strategy for Viral Hepatitis, embracing a goal to eliminate hepatitis infection as a public health threat by 2030. This was followed by the World Health Organizations (WHO) global targets for the care and management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections. These announcements and targets were important in raising awareness and calling for action; however, tracking countries’ progress towards these elimination goals has provided insights to the limitations of these targets. The existing targets compare a countrys progress relative to its 2015 values, penalizing countries who started their programmes prior to 2015, countries with a young population, or countries with a low prevalence. We recommend that (1) WHO simplify the hepatitis elimination targets, (2) change to absolute targets and (3) allow countries to achieve these disease targets with their own service coverage initiatives that will have the maximum impact. The recommended targets are as follows: reduce HCV new chronic cases to ≤5 per 100 000, reduce HBV prevalence among 1-year-olds to ≤0.1%, reduce HBV and HCV mortality to ≤5 per 100 000, and demonstrate HBV and HCV year-to-year decrease in new HCV- and HBV-related HCC cases. The objective of our recommendations is not to lower expectations or diminish the hepatitis elimination standards, but to provide clearer targets that recognize the past and current elimination efforts by countries, help measure progress towards true elimination, and motivate other countries to follow suit.

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Center for Disease Analysis Foundation, Lafayette, United States
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center & College of Medicine, Alfaisal university, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Gastroenterology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
National liver Institute, Menoufiya, Egypt
Escola Paulista de Medicina, Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil
Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Doha, Qatar
CFID/CCT Taraba, Jalingo, Nigeria
Institute of Liver Studies, Kings College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Ministry of Public Health, Doha, Qatar
Qassim University, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
The Armed Forces Hospital, Muscat, Oman
Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, United States
Liver Disease Research Center, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah international Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Hepatology Department, INSERM UMR1149, University of Paris, Beaujon Hospital, Paris, France
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St Louis, United States
University of Rosario School of Medicine, Rosario, Argentina
American University Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, United States
University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
College of Medicine & Surgery, University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, Wayne State University, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, United States
Arud Centres for Addiction Medicine, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Vall dHebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
Médecine tropicale Suivi intégré de l’addiction et de maladies transmissibles, Lausanne, Switzerland
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hepatitis Business Solutions, New York, United States
Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Hepatobiliary Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Hospital San José Tec Salud Monterrey N.L., Mexico
University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Vancouver Infectious Diseases Centre, Vancouver, Canada
University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
President of Spanish Society of Gastroenterology, Santander, Spain
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, University Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Research Institute Valdecilla, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, Netherlands
Global Liver Institute, Washington, DC, United States
Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiania, Brazil
School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Shiraz Transplant Center, Abu-Ali Sina Hospital, Shiraz, Iran
Infectious Diseases Dept, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, El Palomar, provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Research Center on Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Lisbon, Portugal
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, Northwestern Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, United States
Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Hospital Universitario La Paz, CIBERehd, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, United States
State University of Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
Tadeusz Browicz Provincial Observation and Infection Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Al Basir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI), Cairo, Egypt
Medical School of National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand, Whakatāne, New Zealand
Public Health Department, Doha, Qatar
University Medical Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
Somogy County Kaposi Mor Teaching Hospital, Kaposvar, Hungary
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, NYU Langone Health, New York, United States
School of Population & Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
University of Toronto, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Canada
University Hospital, University PJ Šafárik, Košice, Slovakia
Africa Hepatitis Initiative (AHI), Kampala, Uganda
The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Chiba, Japan
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Dept. of Gastroenterohepatology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Department of Internal Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, South Korea
Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
National Center for Global Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, South Denver Gastroenterology, Englewood, United States
Musashino Red Cross Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Infectious and tropical diseases department, Saint-Antoine Hospital (AP-HP), Paris, France
Department of Infectious Diseases / Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Hong Kong
Denges VD, Switzerland
Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
University of Sydney, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
Department of Gastroenterology, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Fundamental Science, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Shariati Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Hospital Santa Maria, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Sao Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
Cherokee Nation Health Service, Tahlequah, United States
Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
Department of Hepatitis & Emerging Infectious Diseases, Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia
Cairo training center, World Gastroenterology Organization, Cairo, Egypt
AGAF Liver Research UnitMedi ca Sur Clinic, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico
FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry, Lahore, Pakistan
Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
Hepatitis Education Project, Seattle, United States
Department and Institute of Infectious Disease, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
NASTAD, Washington, DC, United States
Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Colombian Hepatology Association, Bogota, Colombia
Institute of Biology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
Third Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, University Hospital ATTIKON, Athens, Greece
Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Auckland Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
HepSupport, Mauritius
Focal Point Hepatitis, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, United States
International Association of Hepatitis Task Forces, Petaluma, United States
HIV/TB/Hepatitis, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Hepatology Section, Department of Medicine, Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas Norberto Quirno “CEMIC”, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ziekenhuis Oost Limburg Genk, Genk, Belgium
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospitals KU, Leuven, Belgium
Alfred Health, Melbourne, Australia
Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
Service dHépatologie, Hospital Henri Mondor, Paris, France
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angles, United States
School of Health and Medical Sciences, State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Department of Gastroenterology, Military Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Division of Gastroenterology, Dept. of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, United States
Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States
McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
Chennai Liver Foundation, Chennai, India
American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
FIND, Geneva, Switzerland
Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
Department of Gastroenterology, HPB Surgery and Transplantology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
Iranian Hepatitis Network, Tehran, Iran
The Liver, Pancreatic, and Biliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine and Division of Hepatology, Groote Schuur Hospital and University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
Liver Health Connection, Denver, United States
Gaden Jang Tse Hospital, Gaden Jang Tse, India
Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, United States
University of Latvia, Riga East University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Stanford University, Stanford, United States
Centre of Hepatology, Gastroenterology and Dietetics, Vilnius University Hospital, Vilnius, Lithuania
Viroscience Department, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Guatemalan Liver Association and Medical School, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala
School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Center for Asian Health, Saint Barnabas Medical Center, Livingston, United States
Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Shanghai Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
University of Hawaii, Honolulu, United States
Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
National Research Center for Oncology and Transplantation, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation, Inova Health System, Falls Church, United States
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Koç University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC), Lahore, Pakistan
St. George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt, Germany

Center for Disease Analysis Foundation
King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center & College of Medicine
Department of Gastroenterology
National liver Institute
Escola Paulista de Medicina
Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group
CFID/CCT Taraba
Institute of Liver Studies
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
King Saud University
Hamad Medical Corporation
Ministry of Public Health
Qassim University
The Armed Forces Hospital
Johns Hopkins Hospital
Liver Disease Research Center
King Abdulaziz Medical City
Hepatology Department
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
University of Rosario School of Medicine
American University Hospital
Baruch S. Blumberg Institute
University of Pisa
College of Medicine & Surgery
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Arud Centres for Addiction Medicine
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Vall dHebron University Hospital
University Hospital Marqués de Valdecilla
Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro
Médecine tropicale Suivi intégré de l’addiction et de maladies transmissibles
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
Hepatitis Business Solutions
Academia Sinica
Department of Infectious Diseases
Hepatobiliary Division
Hospital San José Tec Salud Monterrey N.L.
University of Milan
Vancouver Infectious Diseases Centre
University of Ottawa
University of Palermo
President of Spanish Society of Gastroenterology
Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department
Trimbos Institute
Global Liver Institute
Universidade Federal de Goiás
School of Medicine
Cairo University
Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
Burnet Institute
Örebro University
University College London Medical School
Theodor Bilharz Research Institute
Ain Shams University
Shiraz Transplant Center
Infectious Diseases Dept
Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas
Universidade Nova de Lisboa
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Medical University of Bialystok
Queen Mary University of London
Queen Mary Hospital
Hospital Universitario La Paz
Hepatitis B Foundation
State University of Campinas
Tadeusz Browicz Provincial Observation and Infection Hospital
Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute (NHTMRI)
Medical School of National & Kapodistrian University of Athens
The Hepatitis Foundation of New Zealand
Public Health Department
University Medical Center
E-Da Hospital
Department of Medicine
Somogy County Kaposi Mor Teaching Hospital
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
School of Population & Public Health
University of Toronto
University Hospital
Africa Hepatitis Initiative (AHI)
The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Dept. of Gastroenterohepatology
National University of Mexico (UNAM)
Royal Hospital
Department of Internal Medicine
Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases
Department of Internal Medicine
National Center for Global Health
Institute of Human Virology
Hepatitis Virus Diversity Research Unit
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Musashino Red Cross Hospital
Sorbonne Université
Department of Infectious Diseases / Virology
Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital
Denges VD
Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal)
University of Sydney
University of Calgary
Department of Gastroenterology
Centre of Hepatology
Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
Asan Medical Center
Beijing Youan Hospital
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte
Clinic for Infectious Diseases and Febrile Illnesses
Sao Paulo University
Cherokee Nation Health Service
Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center
University of Malaya Medical Centre
Swiss HPB (Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary) Center and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Hepatitis & Emerging Infectious Diseases
Cairo training center
AGAF Liver Research UnitMedi ca Sur Clinic
FMH College of Medicine & Dentistry
Divisions of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and of Clinical Pathology
Hepatitis Education Project
Department and Institute of Infectious Disease
NASTAD
Mongolian Academy of Medical Sciences
Department of Infectious Diseases
Ankara University
Colombian Hepatology Association
Institute of Biology
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Third Department of Pediatrics
Erasmus Medical Centre
Auckland Hospital
HepSupport
Focal Point Hepatitis
University of British Columbia
University of Pennsylvania
International Association of Hepatitis Task Forces
HIV/TB/Hepatitis
Hepatology Section
Faculty of Health and Life Sciences
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Alfred Health
Mayo Clinic
Service dHépatologie
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
School of Health and Medical Sciences
Department of Gastroenterology
Division of Gastroenterology
Tecnologico de Monterrey
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Emory University School of Medicine
McGill University Health Centre
Luxembourg Institute of Health
Chennai Liver Foundation
American University of Beirut Medical Center
FIND
Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital
Monash Health
Department of Gastroenterology
Iranian Hepatitis Network
The Liver
Department of Medicine and Division of Hepatology
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Liver Health Connection
Gaden Jang Tse Hospital
Toronto Health Economics and Technology Assessment (THETA) Collaborative
University of North Carolina
University of Latvia
Stanford University
Centre of Hepatology
Viroscience Department
Guatemalan Liver Association and Medical School
School of Medicine
Center for Asian Health
Hannover Medical School
Department of Medicine and Therapeutics
Shanghai Ruijin Hospital
University of Hawaii
Genomics Research Center
National Research Center for Oncology and Transplantation
Department of Gastroenterology
Chronic Liver Disease Foundation
Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital
Department of Medicine
Koç University Medical School
Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre (SKMCH & RC)
St. George Hospital
Goethe University Hospital

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