A comprehensive review of cybersecurity vulnerabilities, threats, and solutions for the Internet of Things at the network-cum-application layer
Razaque A. Hariri S. Alajlan A.M. Yoo J.
November 2025Elsevier Ireland Ltd
Computer Science Review
2025#58
The proliferation of smart homes, smart logistics, and other technologies has expedited the expansion of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices. This expansion has heightened the complexity of associated security challenges. Despite extensive research on IoT security, several studies fail to provide a comprehensive examination of both the network and application layers. This is particularly applicable to real-time and mission-critical settings. This review addresses that deficiency by offering a systematic review of IoT across five tiers. It concentrates on the application layer, categorizing it into three domains: real-time control systems, scientific decision-making systems, and query/scan search systems. The study examines vulnerabilities, attack vectors, and security measures in real-time control and query/scan systems. It examines how emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), Software Defined Networking (SDN), and fog/edge computing can enhance security via improved context awareness and access management. The study ultimately presents recommendations and suggests enhancements to foster trust, scalability, and enhanced security in contemporary IoT systems. Copyright
Controlling system , Cyber security , Data mining , Internet of Things , Real-time , Scientific decision-making system , Security attacks , Vulnerabilities
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International Information Technology University, Manas 34/1,, Almaty, Kazakhstan
University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
Self-Development Skills Department, Common First Year Deanship, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11362, Saudi Arabia
School of Computing, Gachon Univ, ersity, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, South Korea
International Information Technology University
University of Arizona
Self-Development Skills Department
School of Computing
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