Global, Regional, and National Burden of Nontraumatic Subarachnoid Hemorrhage The Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Rautalin I. Volovici V. Stark B.A. Johnson C.O. Kaprio J. Korja M. Krishnamurthi R.V. Nair B.S. Ranta A. Rinkel G.J.E. Vergouwen M.D.I. Abate Y.H. Abbastabar H. Abd-Allah F. Abdelkader A. Abdi P. Abdollahi A. Abdullahi A. Abiodun O.O. Aboagye R.G. Abouzid M. Abtahi D. Rumeileh S.A. Abualhasan A. Abualruz H. Abukhadijah H.J. Abu-Zaid A. Adamu L.H. Addo I.Y. Adedoyin R.A. Adegboye O.A. Adra S. Adzigbli L.A. Agyemang-Duah W. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad A. Ahmad D. Ahmadzade A.M. Ahmed A. Ahmed H. Ahmed S.A. Aji B. Akkaif M.A. Al-Ajlouni Y. Al-Aly Z. Albashtawy M. Ali M.U. Alif S.M. Alimohamadi Y. Aljunid S.M. Alomari M.A. Alrawashdeh A. Alsabri M.A. Salman R.A.-S. Altaf A. Al-Tammemi A.B. Alvis-Guzman N. Alwafi H. Al-Wardat M. Al-Worafi Y.M. Aly H. Alyahya M.S.I. Alzoubi K.H. Amani R. Amin T.T. Amindarolzarbi A. Amusa G.A. Anderlini D. Angappan D. Anil A. Anuoluwa B.S. Anwar S. Anyasodor A.E. Apostol G.L.C. Arabloo J. Areda D. Ärnlöv J. Artamonov A.A. Artanti K.D. Arumugam A. Aryan Z. Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Ashemo M.Y. Ashraf T. Athar M. Athari S.S. Aujayeb A. Awotidebe A.W. Azadnajafabad S. Aziz S. Azzam A.Y. Babu G.R. Bagheri N. Taghanaki P.B. Bahramian S. Bai R. Baig A.A. Bako A.T. Baltatu O.C. Bam K. Banach M. Bandyopadhyay S. Banik B. Bardhan M. Barker-Collo S.L. Barnighausen T.W. Barqawi H.J. Barua L. Bastan M.-M. Basu S. Bell S.L. Bensenor I.M. Berhie A.Y. Beyene K.A. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhaskar S. Bhat A.N. Bhat V. Bhatti G.K. Bhatti J.S. Bijani A. Bikbov B. Birhan M.M. Birhanu M.M. Bitra V.R. Boloor A. Borhany H. Breitner S. Brenner H. Bugiardini R. Bulamu N.B. Butt Z.A. Cabral L.S. dos Santos F.L.C. Calina D. Camera L.A. Campos L.A. Campos-Nonato I. Capodici A. Carvalho F. Castaneda-Orjuela C.A. Catapano A.L. Cegolon L. Chadwick J. Chakraborty C. Chakraborty P.A. Chakraborty S. Chandika R.M. Chanie G.S. Chattu V.K. Chaudhary A.A. Chi G. Chichagi F. Ching P.R. Chopra H. Choudhari S.G. Chowdhury E.K. Chu D.-T. Chung S.-C. Columbus A. Criqui M.H. da Silva A.G. Ohadi M.A.D. Dadras O. Dai X. Dalal K. Dalli L.L. DAmico E. Dashti M. Davletov K. De la Cruz-Góngora V. Debopadhaya S. Delgado-Enciso I. Dervišević E. Devanbu V.G.C. Dewan S.M.R. Dhane A.S. Dibas M. Do T.C. Do T.H.P. Dohare S. Doheim M.F. Dokova K.G. Dongarwar D. DOria M. Doshi O.P. Doshi R.P. Dowou R.K. Dsouza H.L. Dutta S. Dziedzic A.M. Emar A.R. Edvardsson D. Efendi D. Efendi F. El Nahas N. Elgendy I.Y. Elhadi M. Eltaha C. Eltahir M.E. Emeto T.I. Fabin N. Fagbamigbe A.F. Fahim A. Fakhradiyev I.R. Fares J. Faris P.S. Fauk N.K. Fazylov T. Fekadu G. Ferreira N. Fetensa G. Fischer F. Foschi M. Fridayani N.K.Y. Gaipov A. Gajjar A.A. Gandhi A.P. Ganesan B. Garg R.K. Gebregergis M. Gebrehiwot M. Gebremeskel T.G. Getie M. Ghadimi D.J. Ghadirian F. Ghahramani S. Ghasemzadeh A. Ghazy R.M. Gholamalizadeh M. Ghozy S. Gil A.U. Gilani J.A. Gnedovskaya E.V. Goleij P. Goulart A.C. Goulart B.N.G. Guan S.-Y. Gupta S. Habibzadeh F. Hadei M. Hadi N.R. Hamidi S. Hanifi N. Hankey G.J. Harlianto N.I. 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Zanghi A. Zare I. Zastrozhin M. Zhang C. Zhang Y. Zhang Z.-J. Zhang Z. Zhao H. Zhou S.C. Zhumagaliuly A. Zia H. Zielińska M. Zyoud S.H. Roth G.A. Feigin V.L.
August 2025 American Medical Association

JAMA Neurology
2025 #82 Issue 8 765 - 787 pp.

IMPORTANCE Nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) represents the third most common stroke type with unique etiologies, risk factors, diagnostics, and treatments. Nevertheless, epidemiological studies often cluster SAH with other stroke types leaving its distinct burden estimates obscure. OBJECTIVE To estimate the worldwide burden of SAH. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Based on the repeated cross-sectional Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study, the global burden of SAH in 1990 to 2021 was estimated. Moreover, the SAH burden was compared with other diseases, and its associations with 14 individual risk factors were investigated with available data in the GBD 2021 study. The GBD study included the burden estimates of nontraumatic SAH among all ages in 204 countries and territories between 1990 and 2021. EXPOSURES SAH and 14 modifiable risk factors. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Absolute numbers and age-standardized rates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) of SAH incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as well as risk factor-specific population attributable fractions (PAFs). RESULTS In 2021, the global age-standardized SAH incidence was 8.3 (95% UI, 7.3-9.5), prevalence was 92.2 (95% UI, 84.1-100.6), mortality was 4.2 (95% UI, 3.7-4.8), and DALY rate was 125.2 (95% UI, 110.5-142.6) per 100 000 people. The highest burden estimates were found in Latin America, the Caribbean, Oceania, and high-income Asia Pacific. Although the absolute number of SAH cases increased, especially in regions with a low sociodemographic index, all age-standardized burden rates decreased between 1990 and 2021: the incidence by 28.8% (95% UI, 25.7%-31.6%), prevalence by 16.1% (95% UI, 14.8%-17.7%), mortality by 56.1% (95% UI, 40.7%-64.3%), and DALY rate by 54.6% (95% UI, 42.8%-61.9%). Of 300 diseases, SAH ranked as the 36th most common cause of death and 59th most common cause of DALY in the world. Of all worldwide SAH-related DALYs, 71.6% (95% UI, 63.8%-78.6%) were associated with the 14 modeled risk factors of which high systolic blood pressure (population attributable fraction [PAF] = 51.6%; 95% UI, 38.0%-62.6%) and smoking (PAF = 14.4%; 95% UI, 12.4%-16.5%) had the highest attribution. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Although the global age-standardized burden rates of SAH more than halved over the last 3 decades, SAH remained one of the most common cardiovascular and neurological causes of death and disabilities in the world, with increasing absolute case numbers. These findings suggest evidence for the potential health benefits of proactive public health planning and resource allocation toward the prevention of SAH.

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Department of Neurosurgery, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Center for Experimental Microsurgery, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
Department of Neurology, Capital & Coast District Health Board, Wellington, New Zealand
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, AletaWondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St Johns, NL, Canada
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, United States
Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New SouthWales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Biochemistry, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Pharmacy Practice, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH), University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St Louis, MO, United States
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Institute of Health andWellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, St Christophers Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Policy and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane andWomens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Child Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, United States
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Division of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Brigham andWomens Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Medical Genetics, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Biostatistics, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São Josié dos Campos, Brazil
Department of Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Sião Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, United States
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
Department of General Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Internal Medicine, St Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
Department of Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
Department of Nursing, St Pauls Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute for Medical Information Processing Biometry and Epidemiology, LMU Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München (German Research Center for Environmental Health), Neuherberg, Germany
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Neurology, Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Interventional Neuroradiology, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Harvard Business School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), São José dos Campos Technology Park, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Health Management (Direzione Sanitaria), IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, SantAnna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Colombian National Health Observatory, Instituto Nacional de Salud (National Institute of Health), Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS, Sesto San Giovanni, Italy
Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
Non-communicable Diseases Division, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, United States
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States
School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Neurosurgery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Health Research Institute, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Medical College, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States
School of Medicine, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
Department of Research, State Cancerology Institute of Colima, IMSS-BIENESTAR, Colima, Mexico
Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Department of Pharmacy, United International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Pharmacology Division, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
Research Unit, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
Department of Epidemiology, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Neurology Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation, Medical University of Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, United States
Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Giuliano Isontina, Trieste, Italy
South Plainfield, NJ, United States
Department of Cardiology, Hackettstown Medical Center, Hackettstown, NJ, United States
Newton Medical Center, Sparta, NJ, United States
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Mangalore, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Pediatric Nursing, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, United States
Department of Education, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Bologna, Italy
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Director of the Scientific and Technological Park, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Biology, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Biology, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Centre for Public Health, Equity and Human Flourishing, Torrens University Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change, Kupang, Indonesia
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Pharmacy, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of Neuroscience, Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Ravenna, Italy
Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of LAquila, LAquila, Italy
Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
Neurosurgical Service, KK Womens and Childrens Hospital, Singapore
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
Institute of Health andWellbeing, Federation University Australia, Churchill, VIC, Australia
Department of Neurology, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive and Family Health, Axum College of Health Science, Axum, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Family and Community Medicine Department, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
Country Office, World Health Organization (WHO), Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Third Department of Neurology, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
Global Virus Network, Middle East Region, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders, The University ofWestern Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Stroke Research Centre, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
Research Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Mental Health, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
Faculty of Nursing, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Skaane University Hospital, Skaane County Council, Malmö, Sweden
UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Santa Clara, CA, United States
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Medicine, MedStar Health, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
School of Dentistry, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Mental Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Clinical Legal Medicine, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
International Center for Nutrition and Information, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Department of Non-Communica

Department of Neurosurgery
The National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Department of Neurosurgery
Center for Experimental Microsurgery
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
National Institute of Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery
Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Department of Neurology
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Department of Medicine
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Neurology
Department of Nursing
Medical Research Center
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Human Anatomy
Department of Anatomy
School of Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
Department of Medical Rehabilitation
Menzies School of Health Research
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Public Health Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health (IDGPH)
Department of Biosciences
Brody School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Cardiology
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Research and Development
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Department of Community and Mental Health
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Institute of Health andWellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Pars Advanced and Minimally Invasive Medical Manners Research Center
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department
Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Research Policy and Training Directorate
Applied Science Research Center
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
Public Health and Community Medicine Department
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
Neurology Department
Department of Child Neurology
Department of Pharmacology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc)
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS)
Rural Health Research Institute
School of Medicine and Public Health
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health
Health Management and Economics Research Center
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Department of Neurobiology
School of Health and Social Studies
Institute for Biomedical Problems
Division of Epidemiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Brigham andWomens Hospital
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Cabrini Research
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
Department of Medical Genetics
Science and Technology Unit
Department of Immunology
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
School of Nursing and Public Health
Department of Surgery
Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
ASIDE Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
Health Research Institute
Department of Biostatistics
School of Medicine
School of Public Affairs
International Medical School
Department of Neurosurgery
College of Medicine
Center of Innovation
Department of Medicine
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences
Department of Neurosurgery
Manna Institute
Miller School of Medicine
School of Psychology
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
School of Medicine
Center for Primary Care
School of Public Health
School of the Environment
School of Health Policy and Management
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Department of Public Health
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Global Health Neurology Lab
Division of Cerebrovascular Medicine and Neurology
Department of General Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Medical Lab Technology
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Scientific-Tools.Org
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Stroke and Ageing Research Group
Department of Nursing
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Internal Medicine Department
Institute for Medical Information Processing Biometry and Epidemiology
Institute of Epidemiology
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute
School of Public Health Sciences
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Department of Neurology
Department of Interventional Neuroradiology
Harvard Business School
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Internal Medicine
Argentine Society of Medicine
Institute of Biomedical Engineering
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Department of Health Management (Direzione Sanitaria)
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences
MultiMedica Sesto San Giovanni IRCCS
Department of Medical
Public Health Unit
Non-communicable Diseases Division
Department of Biotechnology
Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery
School of Population and Public Health
State Disease Investigation Laboratory
Department of Clinical Nutrition
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biology
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Scientific Research
Division of Infectious Diseases
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome
Department of Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Health Informatics
Health Data Research UK
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
School of Nursing
Department of Neurosurgery
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Institute for Health Sciences
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Immunology Research Center
Health Research Institute
Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research
Medical College
School of Medicine
Department of Research
Department of Forensic Medicine
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmacology Division
Research and Development Cell
Research Unit
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Neurology Department
Department of Social Medicine and Health Care Organisation
Health Science Center
Cardio-Thoraco-Vascular Department
South Plainfield
Department of Cardiology
Newton Medical Center
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Pediatric Nursing
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Advanced Nursing Department
Neurology Department
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Education
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Bologna
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community
Department of Oral Biology
Director of the Scientific and Technological Park
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Biology
Department of Biology
Centre for Public Health
Institute of Resource Governance and Social Change
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Social Sciences
Department of Nursing
Institute of Public Health
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences
Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control
Department of Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Neurosurgical Service
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Institute of Health andWellbeing
Department of Neurology
Department of Midwifery
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Reproductive and Family Health
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
School of Medicine
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Health Policy Research Center
Tropical Health Department
Family and Community Medicine Department
Cancer Research Center
Departments of Radiology and Neurosurgery
Country Office
Department of Medicine
Third Department of Neurology
Department of Genetics
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
Department of Epidemiology
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Toxicology
Global Virus Network
Department of Health in Emergencies and Disasters
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
Centre for Neuromuscular and Neurological Disorders
Stroke Research Centre
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Radiology
Research Unit
Department of Mental Health
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Pharmacy
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Skaane University Hospital
UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research & Technology Centre
Santa Clara
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Graduate School of Medicine
School of Dentistry
Kasturba Medical College
School of Computer Science
Mental Health Research Center
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of Clinical Legal Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
International Master Program for Translational Science
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Department of Health Promotion and Education
International Center for Nutrition and Information
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme
Neurology Research Center
Kerman Neuroscience Research Center
Department of Community Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medical Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy
Public Health Department of Social Medicine
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Department of Health Services Research
Department of Non-Communica

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