Increase in Productivity of Chestnut Soils on Irrigated Lands of Northern and Central Kazakhstan
Rau A. Koibakova Y. Nurlan B. Nabiollina M. Kurmanbek Z. Issakov Y. Zhu K. Dávid L.D.
March 2023Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Land
2023#12Issue 3
Natural conditions in North and Central Kazakhstan and the energy potential of chestnut soil testify to the efficiency of agriculture, especially on irrigated lands. The humus horizon of chestnut soils is 35–50 cm, and the humus content is 3.0–3.5%. The majority of the humus (75%) is contained in a half-meter layer, which emphasizes the short humus level. The phosphorus content, both gross and mobile, is very low at 0.98–0.031%. Potassium is in elevated amounts. Soils are most susceptible to the application of nitrogen–phosphorus fertilizers. According to the mechanical composition, chestnut soils are predominantly lightly loamy, light clays with substrates of souses. Salinization is low, with a salt content in the 0–100 cm soil layer of 0.10–0.20%. The mass of the arable soil layer is 1.3–1.4 g/cm3. Deep plowing and loosening of soils improve the water and nutrition regime, creating good conditions for arid agriculture. With deep autumn plowing up to 30 cm, the accumulation of sediment and spring meltwater reaches 1200–1500 m3/ha more than in spring disposal. Deep plowing ensures absorption of irrigation water, eliminates run-off during irrigation, and reduces the number of crops requiring extra irrigation. In an average dry year, at 50% water availability and 70% soil moisture content (MC), the number of irrigations is 4, and the irrigation rate is 300–470 m3/ha; at 60% MC, 2 irrigations are performed, and the irrigation rate is 600–650 m3/ha. On irrigated land, the yield of cereals is 2.8–2.6 t/ha; perennial grasses, 3.0–4.5 t/ha; potatoes, 23.2–24.1 t/ha; carrots, 35.0–40.0 t/ha; and cabbage, 50.0–75.0 t/ha.
food regime , irrigated agriculture , irrigation rate , moisture availability , productivity , water consumption , water permeability , water regime
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Department of Water Resources and Reclamation, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
Department of Biology and Agricultural Specialties, International Taraz Innovative Institute Named after Sh. Murtaza, Taraz, 080012, Kazakhstan
Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Water Economy LLP, Taraz, 080003, Kazakhstan
Institute of Natural Sciences and Geography, Abai Kazakh National Pedagogical University, Almaty, 050010, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
Department of Water Resources and Reclamation
Department of Biology and Agricultural Specialties
Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Water Economy LLP
Institute of Natural Sciences and Geography
Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science
Institute of Rural Development and Sustainable Economy
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