Phytochemical Analysis, Mineral Composition and GC-MS Profiling of Three Iris Species from the Southeastern Part of Kazakhstan

Ramazanova M. Karzhaubekova Z. Gemejiyeva N. Krasnov K. Shavarda A. Kaidarbekova D. Cam D. Ozturk M. Miftakhova A.
February 2026 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Molecules
2026 #31 Issue 4

This study examined the phytochemical profiles and bioactive potential of Iris alberti, I. pallasii, and I. sogdiana collected from southeastern Kazakhstan. GC-MS analysis identified fatty acids, sterols, long-chain alcohols, and hydrocarbons in each species. The key phytosterols β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol were present in all three. I. alberti showed the highest sterol content of γ-sitosterol (28.49%) and campesterol (6.51%). I. pallasii contained significant amounts of hexacosanol (19.74%) and γ-sitosterol (13.24%), while I. sogdiana was notable for octacosanol (22.87%) and γ-sitosterol (12.18%). Fatty acid composition varied: I. sogdiana was rich in α-linolenic acid (4.77%) and palmitic acid (2.77%), I. pallasii had 3.96% and (3.48%). I. alberti contained dodecanoic acid (3.83%) and branched-chain fatty acids. Tannin content was highest in I. alberti (1.88%), while alkaloid levels were moderate across species (0.63–0.77%). Mineral analysis showed I. pallasii had the highest Ca (586.62 mg/100 g), Mg and K, whereas I. sogdiana had the highest potassium (538.36 mg/100 g). HPLC-DAD analysis revealed distinct phenolic profiles. Water–alcohol extracts from rhizomes of I. alberti had an IC₅₀ of 16.90 ± 6.04 µg/mL in DPPH and were inactive in ABTS. I. pallasii exhibited IC₅₀ values of 28.77 ± 2.93 µg/mL (DPPH) and 10.93 ± 7.29 µg/mL (ABTS), while I. sogdiana showed negligible activity in both assays. Ethyl acetate extracts displayed higher IC₅₀ values, consistent with lower phenolic content.

antioxidant activity , GC-MS analysis , Iris species , phenolic profile , phytochemical profile

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Plant Resource Laboratory, Institute of Botany and Phytointroduction, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Laboratory of Medical Problems of Chemical Safety Department of Toxicology, Golikov S.N. National Research Centre of Toxicology, FMBA of Russia, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation
Analytical Phytochemistry Laboratory, Komarov V.L. Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, 197022, Russian Federation
Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies, St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Research Park, Russian Federation
Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances, Natural Compounds and Polymers, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mugla Sitki Kocman University, Mugla, Mentese, 48121, Turkey

Plant Resource Laboratory
Laboratory of Medical Problems of Chemical Safety Department of Toxicology
Analytical Phytochemistry Laboratory
Center for Molecular and Cell Technologies
Department of Chemistry and Technology of Organic Substances
Department of Chemistry

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