The dynamism of transposon methylation for plant development and stress adaptation
Ramakrishnan M. Satish L. Kalendar R. Narayanan M. Kandasamy S. Sharma A. Emamverdian A. Wei Q. Zhou M.
November-1 2021MDPI
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2021#22Issue 21
Plant development processes are regulated by epigenetic alterations that shape nuclear structure, gene expression, and phenotypic plasticity; these alterations can provide the plant with protection from environmental stresses. During plant growth and development, these processes play a significant role in regulating gene expression to remodel chromatin structure. These epigenetic alterations are mainly regulated by transposable elements (TEs) whose abundance in plant genomes results in their interaction with genomes. Thus, TEs are the main source of epigenetic changes and form a substantial part of the plant genome. Furthermore, TEs can be activated under stress conditions, and activated elements cause mutagenic effects and substantial genetic variability. This introduces novel gene functions and structural variation in the insertion sites and primarily contributes to epigenetic modifications. Altogether, these modifications indirectly or directly provide the ability to withstand environmental stresses. In recent years, many studies have shown that TE methylation plays a major role in the evolution of the plant genome through epigenetic process that regulate gene imprinting, thereby upholding genome stability. The induced genetic rearrangements and insertions of mobile genetic elements in regions of active euchromatin contribute to genome alteration, leading to genomic stress. These TE-mediated epigenetic modifications lead to phenotypic diversity, genetic variation, and environmental stress tolerance. Thus, TE methylation is essential for plant evolution and stress adaptation, and TEs hold a relevant military position in the plant genome. High-throughput techniques have greatly advanced the understanding of TE-mediated gene expression and its associations with genome methylation and suggest that controlled mobilization of TEs could be used for crop breeding. However, development application in this area has been limited, and an integrated view of TE function and subsequent processes is lacking. In this review, we explore the enormous diversity and likely functions of the TE repertoire in adaptive evolution and discuss some recent examples of how TEs impact gene expression in plant development and stress adaptation.
Epigenetics , Gene regulation , Measurement of TEs , Non-coding RNAs , Plant stress tolerance , Retrotransposon , TE machine learning tool , TE methylation , Transposable elements
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Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
Bamboo Research Institute, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, The Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 84105, Israel
Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Biocenter 3 Viikinkaari 1, Helsinki, FI-00014, Finland
National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology, MGR College, Adhiyamaan Educational Research Institute, Hosur, 635 109, India
Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, United States
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin’an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China
Bamboo Research Institute
Department of Biotechnology Engineering
Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE
National Laboratory Astana
PG and Research Centre in Biotechnology
Institute for Energy Research
Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture
State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture
Zhejiang Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Bamboo Resources and High-Efficiency Utilization
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