Global, regional, and national progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 for neonatal and child health: all-cause and cause-specific mortality findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Paulson K.R. Kamath A.M. Alam T. Bienhoff K. Abady G.G. Abbas J. Abbasi-Kangevari M. Abbastabar H. Abd-Allah F. Abd-Elsalam S.M. Abdoli A. Abedi A. Abolhassani H. Abreu L.G. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abu-Rmeileh N.M.E. Abushouk A.I. Adamu A.L. Adebayo O.M. Adegbosin A.E. Adekanmbi V. Adetokunboh O.O. Adeyinka D.A. Adsuar J.C. Afshari K. Aghaali M. Agudelo-Botero M. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad T. Ahmadi K. Ahmed M.B. Aji B. Akalu Y. Akinyemi O.O. Aklilu A. Al-Aly Z. Alam K. Alanezi F.M. Alanzi T.M. Alcalde-Rabanal J.E. Al-Eyadhy A. Ali T. Alicandro G. Alif S.M. Alipour V. Alizade H. Aljunid S.M. Almasi-Hashiani A. Almasri N.A. Al-Mekhlafi H.M. Alonso J. Al-Raddadi R.M. Altirkawi K.A. Alumran A.K. Alvis-Guzman N. Alvis-Zakzuk N.J. Ameyaw E.K. Amini S. Amini-Rarani M. Amit A.M.L. Amugsi D.A. Ancuceanu R. Anderlini D. Andrei C.L. Ansari F. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Antonio C.A.T. Antriyandarti E. Anvari D. Anwer R. Aqeel M. Arabloo J. Arab-Zozani M. Aripov T. Ärnlöv J. Artanti K.D. Arzani A. Asaad M. Asadi-Aliabadi M. Asadi-Pooya A.A. Jafarabadi M.A. Athari S.S. Athari S.M. Atnafu D.D. Atreya A. Atteraya M.S. Ausloos M. Awan A.T. Quintanilla B.P.A. Ayano G. Ayanore M.A. Aynalem Y.A. Azari S. Azarian G. Azene Z.N. Darshan B.B. Babaee E. Badiye A.D. Baig A.A. Banach M. Banik P.C. Barker-Collo S.L. Barqawi H.J. Bassat Q. Basu S. Baune B.T. Bayati M. Bedi N. Beghi E. Beghi M. Bell M.L. Bendak S. Bennett D.A. Bensenor I.M. Berhe K. Berman A.E. Bezabih Y.M. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhandari D. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhattacharyya K. Bhattarai S. Bhutta Z.A. Bikbov B. Biondi A. Birihane B.M. Biswas R.K. Bohlouli S. Bragazzi N.L. Breusov A.V. Brunoni A.R. Burkart K. Nagaraja S.B. Busse R. Butt Z.A. dos Santos F.L.C. Cahuana-Hurtado L. Camargos P. Cámera L.A. Cárdenas R. Carreras G. Carrero J.J. Carvalho F. Castaldelli-Maia J.M. Castañeda-Orjuela C.A. Castelpietra G. Cerin E. Chang J.-C. Chanie W.F. Charan J. Chatterjee S. Chattu S.K. Chattu V.K. Chaturvedi S. Chen S. Cho D.Y. Choi J.-Y.J. Chu D.-T. Ciobanu L.G. Cirillo M. Conde J. Costa V.M. Couto R.A.S. Dachew B.A. Dahlawi S.M.A. Dai H. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. Daneshpajouhnejad P. Darmstadt G.L. Das J.K. Dávila-Cervantes C.A. Davis A.C. Davletov K. De la Hoz F.P. De Leo D. Deeba F. Denova-Gutiérrez E. Dervenis N. Desalew A. Deuba K. Dey S. Dharmaratne S.D. Dhingra S. Dhungana G.P. da Silva D.D. Diaz D. Dorostkar F. Doshmangir L. Dubljanin E. Duraes A.R. Eagan A.W. Edinur H.A. Efendi F. Eftekharzadeh S. El Sayed I. El Tantawi M. Elbarazi I. Elgendy I.Y. El-Jaafary S.I. Emami A. Enany S. Eyawo O. Ezzikouri S. Faris P.S. Farzadfar F. Fattahi N. Fauk N.K. Fazlzadeh M. Feigin V.L. Ferede T.Y. Fereshtehnejad S.-M. Fernandes E. Ferrara P. Filip I. Fischer F. Fisher J.L. Foigt N.A. Folayan M.O. Foroutan M. Franklin R.C. Freitas M. Friedman S.D. Fukumoto T. Gad M.M. Gaidhane A.M. Gaidhane S. Gaihre S. Gallus S. Garcia-Basteiro A.L. Garcia-Gordillo M.A. Gardner W.M. Fonseca M.G. Gebremedhin K.B. Getacher L. Ghashghaee A. 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Ziapour A. Hay S.I. Murray C.J.L. Wang H. Kassebaum N.J.
4 September 2021Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2021#398Issue 10303870 - 905 pp.
Background: Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 has targeted elimination of preventable child mortality, reduction of neonatal death to less than 12 per 1000 livebirths, and reduction of death of children younger than 5 years to less than 25 per 1000 livebirths, for each country by 2030. To understand current rates, recent trends, and potential trajectories of child mortality for the next decade, we present the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 findings for all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality in children younger than 5 years of age, with multiple scenarios for child mortality in 2030 that include the consideration of potential effects of COVID-19, and a novel framework for quantifying optimal child survival. Methods: We completed all-cause mortality and cause-specific mortality analyses from 204 countries and territories for detailed age groups separately, with aggregated mortality probabilities per 1000 livebirths computed for neonatal mortality rate (NMR) and under-5 mortality rate (U5MR). Scenarios for 2030 represent different potential trajectories, notably including potential effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the potential impact of improvements preferentially targeting neonatal survival. Optimal child survival metrics were developed by age, sex, and cause of death across all GBD location-years. The first metric is a global optimum and is based on the lowest observed mortality, and the second is a survival potential frontier that is based on stochastic frontier analysis of observed mortality and Healthcare Access and Quality Index. Findings: Global U5MR decreased from 71·2 deaths per 1000 livebirths (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 68·3–74·0) in 2000 to 37·1 (33·2–41·7) in 2019 while global NMR correspondingly declined more slowly from 28·0 deaths per 1000 live births (26·8–29·5) in 2000 to 17·9 (16·3–19·8) in 2019. In 2019, 136 (67%) of 204 countries had a U5MR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold and 133 (65%) had an NMR at or below the SDG 3.2 threshold, and the reference scenario suggests that by 2030, 154 (75%) of all countries could meet the U5MR targets, and 139 (68%) could meet the NMR targets. Deaths of children younger than 5 years totalled 9·65 million (95% UI 9·05–10·30) in 2000 and 5·05 million (4·27–6·02) in 2019, with the neonatal fraction of these deaths increasing from 39% (3·76 million [95% UI 3·53–4·02]) in 2000 to 48% (2·42 million; 2·06–2·86) in 2019. NMR and U5MR were generally higher in males than in females, although there was no statistically significant difference at the global level. Neonatal disorders remained the leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years in 2019, followed by lower respiratory infections, diarrhoeal diseases, congenital birth defects, and malaria. The global optimum analysis suggests NMR could be reduced to as low as 0·80 (95% UI 0·71–0·86) deaths per 1000 livebirths and U5MR to 1·44 (95% UI 1·27–1·58) deaths per 1000 livebirths, and in 2019, there were as many as 1·87 million (95% UI 1·35–2·58; 37% [95% UI 32–43]) of 5·05 million more deaths of children younger than 5 years than the survival potential frontier. Interpretation: Global child mortality declined by almost half between 2000 and 2019, but progress remains slower in neonates and 65 (32%) of 204 countries, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia, are not on track to meet either SDG 3.2 target by 2030. Focused improvements in perinatal and newborn care, continued and expanded delivery of essential interventions such as vaccination and infection prevention, an enhanced focus on equity, continued focus on poverty reduction and education, and investment in strengthening health systems across the development spectrum have the potential to substantially improve U5MR. Given the widespread effects of COVID-19, considerable effort will be required to maintain and accelerate progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Nursing, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Antai College of Economics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Obesity Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Tehran, Iran
Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Equity Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Medical Parasitology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Tropical Medicine Department, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Radiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Center for Primary Care, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of General Internal Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Entomology, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Neurology Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Community Medicine Department, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Infectious Diseases Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
College of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Policy and Management, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
Department of Population Health Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
Department of Global Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Department of Public Health, Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, Nigeria
Sport Science Department, University of Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts, Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
Center for Policy, Population and Health Research, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Economic Geography, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
Lincoln Medical School, Universities of Nottingham and Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Australian Center for Precision Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health, Jenderal Soedirman University, Purwokerto, Indonesia
Department of Medical Physiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, St Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Health Information Management and Technology Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Environmental Health Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Forensic Medicine Division, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Center for Health System Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Research in Nutrition and Health, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Psychiatry, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Directorate for Social Statistics and Population Census, Italian National Institute of Statistics, Rome, Italy
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Health Services Management, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
Physiotherapy Department, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Epidemiology Department, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Parasitology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Biomedical Research Networking Center in Epidemiology and Public Health (CiberESP), Madrid, Spain
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Health Management and Economics Reasearch Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Pathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Manila, Philippines
College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Department of Health Policy and Administration, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Pharmacy Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Neurology Department, Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Department of Health Policy and Management, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Alzahra Teaching Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Womens Reproductive Health Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education, and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
Department of Applied Social Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Agribusiness Study Program, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta, Indonesia
Department of Parasitology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Immunology, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Environmental Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Psychology, Foundation University Islamabad, Rawalpandi, Pakistan
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
Public Health and Healthcare Management, Tashkent Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Department of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Community Health Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Babol, Iran
Student Research Committee, Babol, Iran
Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Epilepsy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Human Resources Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Bacteriology and Virology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Burn and Wound Healing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Neurology Department, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Biology, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Maragheh University of Medical Sciences, Maragheh, Iran
Department of Health System and Health Economics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Internal Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Department of Social Welfare, Keimyung University, Daegu, South Korea
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
School of Nursing and Health Sciences, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Continuing Education- Grant Writing Academy, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
The Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Biostatistics, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Midwifery, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Mangalore, India
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal, India
Department of Health Information Management, Manipal, India
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Department of Non-communicable Diseases, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Barcelona Institute for Global Health, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Imperial College Business School, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, Dr D Y Patil University, Mumbai, India
Department of Neuroscience, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
Laboratory of Neurological Disorders, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy
Mental Health, AUSL Romagna, Ravenna, Italy
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Industrial Engineering, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
The George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
One Health, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
School of Public Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Public Health Research Laboratory, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College Pali, Pali, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Department of Global Health, Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies, Kathmandu, Nepal
Centre for Global Child Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Ranica, Italy
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Debre Tabor University, Debretabor, Ethiopia
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
World Health Organization (WHO) Centre on eHealth, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran
University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Institute of Medicine, RUDN University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Community Medicine, Employee State Insurance Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Bangalore, India
Department of Health Care Management, Technical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Institute of Microengineering, Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
School of Public Health and Administration, Peruvian University Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Department of Health Care, Metropolitan Autonomous University, Mexico City, Mexico
Institute for Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network, Florence, Italy
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Public Health, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
Department of Mental Health, Healthcare Agency Friuli Occidentale, Pordenone, Italy
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Medanta Medicity, Gurugram, India
Department of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH), Thiruvananthapuram, India
Research Department, Dr D Y Patil University, Pune, India
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
Department of Research, Gurugram, India
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Center for Health Policy, Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Ear Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Research Institute, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, QLD, Australia
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India
St Pauls Eye Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital
,
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Division of Plastic Surgery
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Department of Nursing
Antai College of Economics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Obesity Research Center
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Epidemiology
Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Research Center
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Pharmacology
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
School of Medicine
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Pediatric Chronic Kidney Disease Research Center
Health Equity Research Center
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Tehran Heart Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Neurology
National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute
Department of Medical Parasitology
Tropical Medicine Department
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Radiology
Department of Laboratory Medicine
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Clinical Medicine
Clinical Hospital
Department of Clinical Sciences
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Institute of Community and Public Health
Harvard Medical School
Center for Primary Care
Department of Global Health and Social Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Entomology
Neurology Department
Community Medicine Department
Infectious Diseases Epidemiology
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
College of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Population Health Sciences
Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
Centre of Excellence for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis
Department of Global Health
Department of Community Health and Epidemiology
Department of Public Health
Sport Science Department
Department of Dermatology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Center for Policy
Center of Complexity Sciences
Department of Economic Geography
The Australian Centre for Public and Population Health Research (ACPPHR)
Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics
Lincoln Medical School
Department of Epidemiology
Australian Center for Precision Health
School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
Faculty of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Medical Physiology
Department of Reproductive Health
Institute of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
School of Midwifery
School of Nursing
Department of Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Health Policy and Management
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Biomedical Sciences
John T Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
Health Information Management and Technology Department
Department of Health Information Management and Technology
Environmental Health Department
Forensic Medicine Division
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Center for Health System Research
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Research in Nutrition and Health
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Psychiatry
School of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Directorate for Social Statistics and Population Census
Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
The School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Student Research Committee
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Department of Physiology
Physiology Research Center
Colorectal Research Center
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Health Services Management
Department of Pediatrics
Physiotherapy Department
Medical Research Center
Epidemiology Department
Jazan University
Department of Parasitology
Research Program of Epidemiology and Public Health
Department of Experimental and Health Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
Research Group in Health Economics
National Health Observatory
Health Management and Economics Reasearch Center
Department of Pathology
Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute
Department of Radiology and Interventional Neuroradiology
School of Medicine and Public Health
College of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Administration
Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Population Dynamics and Sexual and Reproductive Health
Pharmacy Department
Cardiology Department
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of General Surgery
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Centre for Sensorimotor Performance
School of Dentistry
Queensland Brain Institute
School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences
Neurology Department
Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Health Policy and Management
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Management and Medical Informatics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Molecular Medicine Research Center
Alzahra Teaching Hospital
Womens Reproductive Health Research Center
Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Applied Social Sciences
Agribusiness Study Program
Department of Parasitology
Department of Immunology
Molecular and Cell Biology Research Center
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Parasitology
Department of Pathology
Department of Psychology
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center
Public Health and Healthcare Management
Boston Childrens Hospital
Department of Neurobiology
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Global Public Health
Department of Neurobiology
School of Health and Social Studies
Department of Epidemiology
Community Health Nursing
Faculty of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Student Research Committee
Babol University of Medical Sciences
Department of Plastic Surgery
Epilepsy Research Center
Health Human Resources Research Center
Bacteriology and Virology Department
Burn and Wound Healing Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Parasitology and Mycology
Health Policy Research Center
Neurology Department
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Immunology
Department of Anatomical Sciences
Department of Biology
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences
Department of Health System and Health Economics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Reproductive Health and Population Studies
Department of Forensic Medicine
Department of Social Welfare
School of Business
Department of Health Sciences
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
School of Nursing and Health Sciences
Continuing Education- Grant Writing Academy
The Judith Lumley Centre
School of Nursing and Midwifery
School of Psychology and Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Health Policy Planning and Management
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Autism Spectrum Disorders Research Center
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Midwifery
Research Center for Molecular Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Nephrology
Department of Health Information Management
Manipal Academy of Higher Education
Department of Forensic Science
Unit of Biochemistry
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
Department of Non-communicable Diseases
School of Psychology
Barcelona Institute for Global Health
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
School of Public Health
Department of Surgery and Cancer
Imperial College Business School
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
Department of Psychiatry
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
School of Public Health
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Environmental Health Sciences
Laboratory of Neurological Disorders
Mental Health
School of the Environment
Department of Genetics
Department of Industrial Engineering
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine
Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health
Big Data Institute
The George Institute for Global Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
School of Public Health
Department of Medicine
One Health
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology
School of Public Health
Adelaide Medical School
Robinson Research Institute
Centre for Heart Rhythm Disorders
Public Health Research Laboratory
Department of Anatomy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Department of Global Health
Centre for Global Child Health
Department of Medicine
Centre of Excellence in Women and Child Health
Division of Women and Child Health
Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research
Department of General Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties
Ethiopian Public Health Institute
Department of Nursing
Transport and Road Safety (TARS) Research Centre
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
World Health Organization (WHO) Centre on eHealth
School of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Optometry and Vision Science
Department of Veterinary Medicine
University of Genoa
Institute of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Health Care Management
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Institute of Microengineering
School of Public Health and Administration
Internal Medicine Department
Board of Directors
Argentine Society of Medicine
Department of Health Care
Institute for Cancer Research
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Chemical Sciences
Laboratory of Toxicology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Department of Chemistry
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Mental Health
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
College of Medicine
Department of Nursing
Department of Microbiology and Infection Control
Department of Public Health
Global Institute of Public Health (GIPH)
Research Department
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Ophthalmology
Biomedical Informatics
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Public Health
Nova Medical School
College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Department of Research
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Pathology
Department of Radiology and Radiological Science
Department of Pediatrics
Center for Health Policy
Department of Population and Development
Ear Institute
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences
Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit
Health Research Institute
Australian Institute for Suicide Research and Prevention
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
St Pauls Eye Unit
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