Nonpharmaceutical interventions reduce the incidence and mortality of COVID-19: A study based on the survey from the International COVID-19 Research Network (ICRN)
Park S.H. Hong S.H. Kim K. Lee S.W. Yon D.K. Jung S.J. Abdeen Z. Ghayda R.A. Ahmed M.L.C.B. Serouri A.A. Al-Herz W. Al-Shamsi H.O. Ali S. Ali K. Baatarkhuu O. Nielsen H.B. Bernini-Carri E. Bondarenko A. Cassell A. Cham A. Chua M.L.K. Dadabhai S. Darre T. Davtyan H. Dragioti E. East B. Edwards R.J. Ferioli M. Georgiev T. Ghandour L.A. Harapan H. Hsueh P.-R. Mallah S.I. Ikram A. Inoue S. Jacob L. Janković S.M. Jayarajah U. Jesenak M. Kakodkar P. Kapata N. Kebede Y. Khader Y. Kifle M. Koh D. Maleš V.K. Kotfis K. Koyanagi A. Kretchy J.-P. Lakoh S. Lee J. Lee J.Y. Mendonça M.D.L.L. Ling L. Llibre-Guerra J. Machida M. Makurumidze R. Memish Z.A. Mendoza I. Moiseev S. Nadasdy T. Nahshon C. Ñamendys-Silva S.A. Yongsi B.N. Nicolasora A.D. Nugmanova Z. Oh H. Oksanen A. Owopetu O. Ozguler Z.O. Parperis K. Perez G.E. Pongpirul K. Rademaker M. Radojevic N. Roca A. Rodriguez-Morales A.J. Roshi E. Saeed K.M.I. Sah R. Sakakushev B. Sallam D.E. Sathian B. Schober P. Ali P.S.S. Simonović Z. Singhal T. Skhvitaridze N. Solmi M. Subbaram K. Tizaoui K. Tlhakanelo J.T. Torales J. Torres-Roman J.S. Tsartsalis D. Tsolmon J. Vieira D.N. Rosa S.G.V. Wanghi G. Wollina U. Xu R.-H. Yang L. Zia K. Zildzic M. Il Shin J. Smith L.
February 2023John Wiley and Sons Inc
Journal of Medical Virology
2023#95Issue 2
The recently emerged novel coronavirus, “severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2),” caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the worlds most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). We aimed to centralize the accumulative knowledge of NPIs against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium. International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on the incidence and mortality of COVID-19. The survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies, and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with the log-transformed value of population as an offset value. The majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies, including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial masks (94.6% at hospitals; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to the recommendation to use soap. Deprivation of masks was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic levels. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level. NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease the incidence and mortality of COVID-19.
COVID-19 , isolation , mask , nonpharmacologic interventions , quarantine , sanitizer
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Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestine
Urology Institute, University Hospitals Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya & The Mauritanian Association for Scientific Research Development (AMDRS), Nouakchott, Mauritania
Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program, Yemen
Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
School of Medicine, The Maldives National University, Male, Maldives
University of Sulaimani College of Medicine, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark
Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
European Centre for Disaster Medicine, Council of Europe (CEMEC), Strasbourg, France
Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Infectious and Rare Diseases, International European University, Kyiv, Ukraine
John F. Kennedy Medical Center, Edison, NJ, United States
School of Medicine, University of Juba, Juba, South Sudan
Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers, Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Oncology Academic Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Medical Sciences, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Pathology, University of Lomé, Lome, Togo
Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center, Yerevan, Armenia
Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
3rd Department of Surgery, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
First Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University—Varna, Varna, Bulgaria
American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Microbiology, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain, Al Sayh, Bahrain
National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, Barcelona, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, University Teaching Hospital in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
Zambia National Public Health Institute, Lusaka, Zambia
Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Clinical Hospital Centre Split, University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, Croatia
Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, Accra, Ghana
College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea
Department of Nephrology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, South Korea
National Public Health Institute of Cape Verde, Praia, Santiago Island, Cape Verde
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
National Institute of Neurology, Cuba
Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit, University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Harare, Zimbabwe
Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of Health & College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tropical Cardiology, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
St. Parascheva Infectious Disease Hospital, Iasi, Romania
Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico
IFORD-University of Yaoundé II, Yaoundé, Cameroon
Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Muntinlupa City, Philippines
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria
General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health of Turkey, Adnan Saygun St, Çankaya, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Medicine, University of Cyprus Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus
Cardiology Division, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina
School of Global Health and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
Clinical Trials New Zealand, Waikato Hospital Campus, Hamilton, New Zealand
Clinical Centre of Montenegro, Podgorica, Montenegro
MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, Gambia
Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas - Institución Universitaria Visión de las Américas, Pereira, Colombia
Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine of Tirana, Albania
Afghanistan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI), Kabul, Afghanistan
Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases, Egypt
University Hospital St. George, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
Geriatrics and Long Term Care Department, Rumailah Hospital, Doha, Qatar
Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
National Institute of Public Health, Maribor, Slovenia
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute, Mumbai, India
School of Health Sciences, The University of Georgia, Georgia
Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Mental Health, Ontario, Canada
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Botswana, Faculty of Medicine, Gaborone, Botswana
National University of Asunción, School of Medical Sciences, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru
Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Athens, Greece
Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS), Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine, Laboratory of Physiology, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic Congo
Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden – Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services, School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
Academy of Medical Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Yonsei University College of Medicine
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Precision Medicine
Center for Digital Health
Department of Community Health
Urology Institute
University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya & The Mauritanian Association for Scientific Research Development (AMDRS)
Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program
Faculty of Medicine
Burjeel Cancer Institute
School of Medicine
University of Sulaimani College of Medicine
Department of Infectious Diseases
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care
Department of Nutrition
European Centre for Disaster Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
John F. Kennedy Medical Center
School of Medicine
Department of Head and Neck and Thoracic Cancers
Oncology Academic Programme
Division of Medical Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Pathology
Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center
Department of Health
3rd Department of Surgery
Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago
Respiratory and Critical Care Unit
First Department of Internal Medicine
American University of Beirut
Department of Microbiology
Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine
Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland - Bahrain
National Institute of Health
Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
Research and Development Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medical Sciences
Postgraduate Institute of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
National University of Ireland
Zambia National Public Health Institute
Department of Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Clinical Medicine
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
Clinical Hospital Centre Split
Department of Anesthesiology
Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu
Public Health Unit
College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Nephrology
National Public Health Institute of Cape Verde
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
National Institute of Neurology
Family Medicine
Director Research and Innovation Center
Tropical Cardiology
Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
St. Parascheva Infectious Disease Hospital
Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology
Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran
IFORD-University of Yaoundé II
Molecular Biology Laboratory
Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University
University of Southern California
Faculty of Social Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
General Directorate of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Cardiology Division
School of Global Health and Department of Preventive and Social Medicine
Clinical Trials New Zealand
Clinical Centre of Montenegro
MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina
Master of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
Department of Public Health
Afghanistan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI)
Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital
RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University
Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases
University Hospital St. George
Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Department
Geriatrics and Long Term Care Department
Department of Anesthesiology
National Institute of Public Health
Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Research Institute
School of Health Sciences
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Mental Health
Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
National University of Asunción
Universidad Cientifica del Sur
Department of Emergency Medicine
Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS)
University of Coimbra
Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Dermatology and Allergology
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research
School of Health and Wellbeing
Academy of Medical Science of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Pediatrics
Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing
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