Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Ong K.L. Stafford L.K. McLaughlin S.A. Boyko E.J. Vollset S.E. Smith A.E. Dalton B.E. Duprey J. Cruz J.A. Hagins H. Lindstedt P.A. Aali A. Abate Y.H. Abate M.D. Abbasian M. Abbasi-Kangevari Z. Abbasi-Kangevari M. ElHafeez S.A. Abd-Rabu R. Abdulah D.M. Abdullah A.Y.M. Abedi V. Abidi H. Aboagye R.G. Abolhassani H. Abu-Gharbieh E. Abu-Zaid A. Adane T.D. Adane D.E. Addo I.Y. Adegboye O.A. Adekanmbi V. Adepoju A.V. Adnani Q.E.S. Afolabi R.F. Agarwal G. Aghdam Z.B. Agudelo-Botero M. Arriagada C.E.A. Agyemang-Duah W. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad D. Ahmad R. Ahmad S. Ahmad A. Ahmadi A. Ahmadi K. Ahmed A. Ahmed A. Ahmed L.A. Ahmed S.A. Ajami M. Akinyemi R.O. Al Hamad H. Al Hasan S.M.A. AL-Ahdal T.M.A. Alalwan T.A. Al-Aly Z. AlBataineh M.T. Alcalde-Rabanal J.E. Alemi S. Ali H. Alinia T. Aljunid S.M. Almustanyir S. Al-Raddadi R.M. Alvis-Guzman N. Amare F. Ameyaw E.K. Amiri S. Amusa G.A. Andrei C.L. Anjana R.M. Ansar A. Ansari G. Ansari-Moghaddam A. Anyasodor A.E. Arabloo J. Aravkin A.Y. Areda D. Arifin H. Arkew M. Armocida B. Arnlov J. Artamonov A.A. Arulappan J. Aruleba R.T. Arumugam A. Aryan Z. Asemu M.T. Asghari-Jafarabadi M. Askari E. Asmelash D. Astell-Burt T. Athar M. Athari S.S. Atout M.M.W. Avila-Burgos L. Awaisu A. Azadnajafabad S. Darshan B.B. Babamohamadi H. Badar M. Badawi A. Badiye A.D. Baghcheghi N. Bagheri N. Bagherieh S. Bah S. Bahadory S. Bai R. Baig A.A. Baltatu O.C. Baradaran H.R. Barchitta M. Bardhan M. Barengo N.C. Barnighausen T.W. Barone M.T.U. Barone-Adesi F. Barrow A. Bashiri H. Basiru A. Basu S. Basu S. Batiha A.-M.M. Batra K. Bayih M.T. Bayileyegn N.S. Behnoush A.H. Bekele A.B. Belete M.A. Belgaumi U.I. Belo L. Bennett D.A. Bensenor I.M. Berhe K. Berhie A.Y. Bhaskar S. Bhat A.N. Bhatti J.S. Bikbov B. Bilal F. Bintoro B.S. Bitaraf S. Bitra V.R. Bjegovic-Mikanovic V. Bodolica V. Boloor A. Brauer M. Brazo-Sayavera J. Brenner H. Butt Z.A. Calina D. Campos L.A. Campos-Nonato I.R. Cao Y. Cao C. Car J. Carvalho M. Castaneda-Orjuela C.A. Catala-Lopez F. Cerin E. Chadwick J. Chandrasekar E.K. Chanie G.S. Charan J. Chattu V.K. Chauhan K. Cheema H.A. Abebe E.C. Chen S. Cherbuin N. Chichagi F. Chidambaram S.B. Cho W.C.S. Choudhari S.G. Chowdhury R. Chowdhury E.K. Chu D.-T. Chukwu I.S. Chung S.-C. Coberly K. Columbus A. Contreras D. Cousin E. Criqui M.H. Cruz-Martins N. Cuschieri S. Dabo B. Dadras O. Dai X. Damasceno A.A.M. Dandona R. Dandona L. Das S. Dascalu A.M. Dash N.R. Dashti M. Davila-Cervantes C.A. De la Cruz-Gongora V. Debele G.R. Delpasand K. Demisse F.W. Demissie G.D. Deng X. Denova-Gutierrez E. Deo S.V. Dervišević E. Desai H.D. Desale A.T. Dessie A.M. Desta F. Dewan S.M.R. Dey S. Dhama K. Dhimal M. Diao N. Diaz D. Dinu M. Diress M. Djalalinia S. Doan L.P. Dongarwar D. dos Santos Figueiredo F.W. Duncan B.B. Dutta S. Dziedzic A.M. Edinur H.A. Ekholuenetale M. Ekundayo T.C. Elgendy I.Y. Elhadi M. El-Huneidi W. Elmeligy O.A.A. Elmonem M.A. Endeshaw D. Esayas H.L. Eshetu H.B. Etaee F. Fadhil I. Fagbamigbe A.F. Fahim A. Falahi S. Faris M.E.M. Farrokhpour H. Farzadfar F. Fatehizadeh A. Fazli G. Feng X. Ferede T.Y. Fischer F. Flood D. Forouhari A. Foroumadi R. Koudehi M.F. Gaidhane A.M. Gaihre S. Gaipov A. Galali Y. Ganesan B. Garcia-Gordillo M.A. Gautam R.K. Gebrehiwot M. Gebrekidan K.G. Gebremeskel T.G. Getacher L. Ghadirian F. Ghamari S.-H. Nour M.G. Ghassemi F. Golechha M. Goleij P. Golinelli D. Gopalani S.V. Guadie H.A. Guan S.-Y. Gudayu T.W. Guimaraes R.A. Guled R.A. Gupta R. Gupta K. Gupta V.B. Gupta V.K. Gyawali B. Haddadi R. Hadi N.R. Haile T.G. Hajibeygi R. Haj-Mirzaian A. Halwani R. Hamidi S. Hankey G.J. Hannan M.A. Haque S. Harandi H. Harlianto N.I. Mahmudul Hasan S.M. Hasan S.S. Hasani H. Hassanipour S. Hassen M.B. Haubold J. Hayat K. Heidari G. Heidari M. Hessami K. Hiraike Y. Holla R. Hossain S. Hossain M.S. Hosseini M.-S. Hosseinzadeh M. Hosseinzadeh H. Huang J. Huda M.N. Hussain S. Huynh H.-H. Hwang B.-F. Ibitoye S.E. Ikeda N. Ilic I.M. Ilic M.D. Inbaraj L.R. Iqbal A. Islam S.M.S. Islam R.M. Ismail N.E. Iso H. Isola G. Itumalla R. Iwagami M. Iwu C.C.D. Iyamu I.O. Iyasu A.N. Jacob L. Jafarzadeh A. Jahrami H. Jain R. Jaja C. Jamalpoor Z. Jamshidi E. Janakiraman B. Jayanna K. Jayapal S.K. Jayaram S. Jayawardena R. Jebai R. Jeong W. Jin Y. Jokar M. Jonas J.B. Joseph N. Joseph A. Joshua C.E. Joukar F. Jozwiak J.J. Kaambwa B. Kabir A. Kabthymer R.H. Kadashetti V. Kahe F. Kalhor R. Kandel H. Karanth S.D. Karaye I.M. Karkhah S. Katoto P.D.M.C. Kaur N. Kazemian S. Kebede S.A. Khader Y.S. Khajuria H. Khalaji A. Khan M.A.B. Khan M. Khan A. Khanal S. Khatatbeh M.M. Khater A.M. Khateri S. Khorashadizadeh F. Khubchandani J. Kibret B.G. Kim M.S. Kimokoti R.W. Kisa A. Kivimaki M. Kolahi A.-A. Komaki S. Kompani F. Koohestani H.R. Korzh O. Kostev K. Kothari N. Koyanagi A. Krishan K. Krishnamoorthy Y. Defo B.K. Kuddus M. Kuddus M.A. Kumar R. Kumar H. Kundu S. Kurniasari M.D. Kuttikkattu A. Vecchia C.L. Lallukka T. Larijani B. Larsson A.O. Latief K. Lawal B.K. Le T.T.T. Le T.T.B. Lee S.W.H. 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Valizadeh R. van Daalen K.R. Vart P. Varthya S.B. Vasankari T.J. Vaziri S. Verma M.V. Verras G.-I. Vo D.C. Wagaye B. Waheed Y. Wang Z. Wang Y. Wang C. Wang F. Wassie G.T. Wei M.Y.W. Weldemariam A.H. Westerman R. Wickramasinghe N.D. Wu Y. Wulandari R.D.W.I. Xia J. Xiao H. Xu S. Xu X. Yada D.Y. Yang L. Yatsuya H. Yesiltepe M. Yi S. Yohannis H.K. Yonemoto N. You Y. Zaman S.B. Zamora N. Zare I. Zarea K. Zarrintan A. Zastrozhin M.S. Zeru N.G. Zhang Z.-J. Zhong C. Zhou J. Zielińska M. Zikarg Y.T. Zodpey S. Zoladl M. Zou Z. Zumla A. Zuniga Y.M.H. Magliano D.J. Murray C.J.L. Hay S.I. Vos T.
15 July 2023Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2023#402Issue 10397203 - 234 pp.
Background: Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and affects people regardless of country, age group, or sex. Using the most recent evidentiary and analytical framework from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD), we produced location-specific, age-specific, and sex-specific estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden from 1990 to 2021, the proportion of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2021, the proportion of the type 2 diabetes burden attributable to selected risk factors, and projections of diabetes prevalence through 2050. Methods: Estimates of diabetes prevalence and burden were computed in 204 countries and territories, across 25 age groups, for males and females separately and combined; these estimates comprised lost years of healthy life, measured in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; defined as the sum of years of life lost [YLLs] and years lived with disability [YLDs]). We used the Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) approach to estimate deaths due to diabetes, incorporating 25 666 location-years of data from vital registration and verbal autopsy reports in separate total (including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes) and type-specific models. Other forms of diabetes, including gestational and monogenic diabetes, were not explicitly modelled. Total and type 1 diabetes prevalence was estimated by use of a Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, to analyse 1527 location-years of data from the scientific literature, survey microdata, and insurance claims; type 2 diabetes estimates were computed by subtracting type 1 diabetes from total estimates. Mortality and prevalence estimates, along with standard life expectancy and disability weights, were used to calculate YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs. When appropriate, we extrapolated estimates to a hypothetical population with a standardised age structure to allow comparison in populations with different age structures. We used the comparative risk assessment framework to estimate the risk-attributable type 2 diabetes burden for 16 risk factors falling under risk categories including environmental and occupational factors, tobacco use, high alcohol use, high body-mass index (BMI), dietary factors, and low physical activity. Using a regression framework, we forecast type 1 and type 2 diabetes prevalence through 2050 with Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and high BMI as predictors, respectively. Findings: In 2021, there were 529 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 500–564) people living with diabetes worldwide, and the global age-standardised total diabetes prevalence was 6·1% (5·8–6·5). At the super-region level, the highest age-standardised rates were observed in north Africa and the Middle East (9·3% [8·7–9·9]) and, at the regional level, in Oceania (12·3% [11·5–13·0]). Nationally, Qatar had the worlds highest age-specific prevalence of diabetes, at 76·1% (73·1–79·5) in individuals aged 75–79 years. Total diabetes prevalence—especially among older adults—primarily reflects type 2 diabetes, which in 2021 accounted for 96·0% (95·1–96·8) of diabetes cases and 95·4% (94·9–95·9) of diabetes DALYs worldwide. In 2021, 52·2% (25·5–71·8) of global type 2 diabetes DALYs were attributable to high BMI. The contribution of high BMI to type 2 diabetes DALYs rose by 24·3% (18·5–30·4) worldwide between 1990 and 2021. By 2050, more than 1·31 billion (1·22–1·39) people are projected to have diabetes, with expected age-standardised total diabetes prevalence rates greater than 10% in two super-regions: 16·8% (16·1–17·6) in north Africa and the Middle East and 11·3% (10·8–11·9) in Latin America and Caribbean. By 2050, 89 (43·6%) of 204 countries and territories will have an age-standardised rate greater than 10%. Interpretation: Diabetes remains a substantial public health issue. Type 2 diabetes, which makes up the bulk of diabetes cases, is largely preventable and, in some cases, potentially reversible if identified and managed early in the disease course. However, all evidence indicates that diabetes prevalence is increasing worldwide, primarily due to a rise in obesity caused by multiple factors. Preventing and controlling type 2 diabetes remains an ongoing challenge. It is essential to better understand disparities in risk factor profiles and diabetes burden across populations, to inform strategies to successfully control diabetes risk factors within the context of multiple and complex drivers. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
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Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine
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Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States
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Clinial Research Development Unit, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Brigham and Womens Hospital, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
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Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, United Arab Emirates
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College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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University Medical Center Groningen, Netherlands
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Department of Medical Biochemistry, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
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College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas, Galveston, TX, United States
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
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Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
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John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
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Brown School, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Cardiology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Radiology
Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Biochemistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing, Padjadjaran University, Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Haramaya, Ethiopia
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases and Aging, National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Maternal and Child Health, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Nutrition
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Department of Clinical Biochemistrys, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
Department of Clinical Chemistry
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health, Finland
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior
Department of Clinical Midwifery
Department of Statistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Health & Society
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medical Genetics, United Kingdom
Science and Technology Unit, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Immunology
Department of Pharmacology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Faculty of Nursing, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Practice, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, India
Department of Nephrology, India
Manipal TATA Medical College
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nursing, Semnan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Semnan, Iran
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Public Health Risk Sciences Division, Public Health Agency of Canada, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Nutritional Sciences
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Interdisciplinary Centre for Health and Society, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
Department of Nursing
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Parasitology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Parasitology, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
School of Public Affairs, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team
Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties
Department GF Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
Department of Molecular Microbiology
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Department of Translational Medicine
Florida International University, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Programs, Partnerships, Research and Education, International Diabetes Federation, São Paulo, Brazil
International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium
Department of Translational Medicine, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Neuroscience Research Center
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Public Health Nutrition
School of Health Science
Adult Health Nursing
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Medical Physiology
Department of Nursing
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, jimma, Ethiopia
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology
Department of International Studies
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Anatomy
Department of Midwifery, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Public Health Nutrition, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed To Be University, Karad, India
Biological Sciences Department
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Nursing
Department of Statistics, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Global Health Neurology Lab, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of General Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Scientific-Tools.Org, Bergamo, Italy
RADS-GBD and DEEP Unit MoNHSRC, Independent Consultant, Islamabad, Pakistan
Data Evaluation and Evidence for Policy (DEEP Unit), Ministry of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Health Behaviour, Environment and Social Medicine
Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion, Universitas Gadjah Mada (Gadjah Mada), Sleman, Indonesia
School of Public Health and Management, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Institute of Social Medicine, China
Centre School of Public Health and Management
Faculty of Medicine, France
School of Public Health and Health Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
School of Business Administration, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Centro Regional Universitario Noreste, University of the Republic of Uruguay, Rivera, Uruguay
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Centre for Population Health Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
Faculty of Health Sciences, University Fernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal
Colombian National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
ICMR School of Public Health, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, India
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, King Edward Medical University, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacology
Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, India
Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Department of Epidemiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Behavioural Science and Health
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute for Global Health
Department of Infection, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Health Data Research UK, London, United Kingdom
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, United States
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politecnico e Universitario (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Gandra, Portugal
School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Anatomy Department, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Epidemiology & Biostatistics, College of Public Health
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, Eduardo Mondlane University, Maputo, Mozambique
Indian Institute of Public Health
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Biochemistry, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Delhi, India
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
Department of Population and Development, Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Department of Public Health, Mattu University, Mattu, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Ethics
School of Pharmacy, United Kingdom
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
Department of Medical.Surgical Nursing, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Epidemiology Branch, National Insititute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Durham, NC, United States
Department of Surgery
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Neonatology
Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegowina, Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT), Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Department of Biostatistics, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
Department of Public Health, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Pharmacology Department, Center for Life Sciences Research Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
Health Research Section
Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Research Section, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Development of Research and Technology Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Faculty of Medicine, France
Institute of Research and Development
Institue for Research and Training in Medicine, Biology and Pharmacy, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Epidemiology and Data Analysis Laboratory, University Center FMABC, Santo André, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, India
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
School of Health Sciences
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Division of Cardiology
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM), Cairo, Egypt
Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Division of Non-Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Public Health and Population, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Zoonotic Disease Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michaels Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
School of Nursing, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, Finland
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Center for Research in Indigenous Health, Maya Health Alliance, Tecpán, Guatemala
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Centre
Trauma Research Center
Department of Community Health, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
Food Technology Department, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Iraq
School of Global Health, Institute of Health & Management, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Occupational Therapy, Mahatma Gandhi Occupational Therapy College, Jaipur, India
Faculty of Business and Management, Universidad Autonóma de Chile (Autonomous University of Chile), Talca, Chile
Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India
Discipline of Population Health
Health Economics Unit
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Adult Health Nursi
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
School of Medicine
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Applied Mathematics
Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Medicine
Department of Global Health
Division of Biomedical and Health Informatics
General Medicine Service
Faculty of Medicine
E-Learning Center
Clinical Research Development Unit
Metabolic Syndrome Research Center
International UNESCO Center for Health-related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Department of Medical Informatics
Clinial Research Development Unit
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Department of Nursing
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Brigham and Womens Hospital
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Center for Primary Care
Department of Environmental Health
Division of Cardiology
Maternal Fetal Care Center
Cardiovascular Department
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
Department of Global Health and Population
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Orthopaedic Surgery
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Obesity Research Center
Functional Neurosurgery Research Center
Department of Genetics
School of Medicine
Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences
Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
Ophthalmic Research Center
Medical Ethics and Law Research Center
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
School of Medicine
Department of Scientific Research
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Surgery
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Radiology
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS
Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center
Department of Cardiac Electrophysiology
Childrens Medical Center
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Faculty of Medicine
National Institute for Health Research
Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (PSRC)
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Department of Cardiology
Department of Medicine
Sina Trauma Research Center
Department of Neurology
Department of Microbiology
Faculty Of Medicine
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Epidemiology Department
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Evidence-Based Practice Center
Division of General Internal Medicine
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
School of Planning
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Department of Public Health Sciences
Biocomplexity Institute
Laboratory Technology Sciences Department
Department of Nursing
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Biosciences and Nutrition
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Surgery
College of Medicine
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Clinical and Psychosocial Epidemiology
Department of Epidemiology
University Medical Center Groningen
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
College of Public Health
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Department of Internal Medicine
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department
Adolescent Research and Care Department
Faculty of Medicine
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Health Technology Assessment Unit
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Institute for Advanced Medical Research and Training
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Health Promotion and Education
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Family Medicine
Medical Imaging Sciences Research Team
Department of Radiology
Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine
Cardiovascular Research Center
Department of Immunology
Center for Policy
Clinical Epidemiology
Center of Complexity Sciences
Unidad de Emergencia Adulto
Department of Geography and Planning
School of Public Health
School of Computing Sciences
Health Research Institute
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Medical Biochemistry
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Department of Nursing
School of Public Health
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Department of Surgery and Cancer
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
School of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research
Institute of Neuroscience
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department
Rumailah Hospital
Clinical Research Support Center
Institute of Global Health
Department of Biology
John T. Milliken Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Surgery
Program in Physical Therapy
Brown School
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Department of Public Health Science
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics
Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
Center for Biotechnology
Center for Health Systems Research
Health and Nutrition Research Center
Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Global Health Entrepreneurship
Department of Internal Medicine
Metabolic Liver Disease Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Environmental Health Engineering
Department of Ophthalmology
Emergency Department
Department of Biology
Department of Physiology
Department of Health Policy and Management
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Ministry of Health
Department of Community Medicine
Pediatric Dentistry Department
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
NIHR-Biomedical Research Centre (NIHR-BRC)
Research Group in Health Economics
Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Anatomy
School of Graduate Studies
Quran and Hadith Research Center
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Cardiology Department
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of Diabetes
Department of Diabetology
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Public Health
Special Interest Group International Health
Department of Radiology
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Health Promotion Research Center
Department of Biochemistry
School of Dentistry and Medical Sciences
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Trauma and Injury Research Center
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Iran University of Medical Sciences
College of Art and Science
College of Liberal Arts and Sciences
Department of Medical Surgical Nursing
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Cardiovascular
Department of Neurobiology
School of Health and Social Studies
Department of Biophysics
Department of Maternal and Child Health
Department of Molecular and Cell Biology
Community Medicine and Rehabilitation - Physiotherapy Section
Cabrini Research
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Department of Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Nutrition
Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Department of Clinical Biochemistrys
Department of Clinical Chemistry
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Department of Human Physiology
Department of Health Promotion and Health Behavior
Department of Clinical Midwifery
Department of Statistics
School of Health & Society
School of Health and Society
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Sydney Medical School
Save Sight Institute
Department of Medical Genetics
Science and Technology Unit
Department of Immunology
Department of Pharmacology
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Practice
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Nephrology
Manipal TATA Medical College
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Nursing
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Public Health Risk Sciences Division
Department of Nutritional Sciences
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Interdisciplinary Centre for Health and Society
Department of Forensic Science
Department of Nursing
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Research School of Population Health
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
School of Public Affairs
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Oral Biology
Center of Innovation
Ageing Clinical & Experimental Research (ACER) Team
Institute of Applied Health Sciences
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies GF Ingrassia
Department of General Surgery and Surgical-Medical Specialties
Department GF Ingrassia
Department of Molecular Microbiology and Bacteriology
Department of Molecular Microbiology
Indian Council of Medical Research
Department of Translational Medicine
Florida International University
Department of Epidemiology
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Programs
International Diabetes Federation
Department of Translational Medicine
Department of Public & Environmental Health
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
Neuroscience Research Center
Department of Immunology
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry
Indian Institute of Public Health
Department of Medical Education
Department of Public Health Nutrition
School of Health Science
Adult Health Nursing
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Medical Physiology
Department of Nursing
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Surgery
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Epidemiology
Department of International Studies
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC)
Department of Medical Anatomy
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Public Health Nutrition
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Biological Sciences Department
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Nuffield Department of Population Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Nursing
Department of Statistics
Global Health Neurology Lab
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology
Department of General Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Scientific-Tools.Org
RADS-GBD and DEEP Unit MoNHSRC
Data Evaluation and Evidence for Policy (DEEP Unit)
Department of Health Behaviour
Center of Health and Behavior and Promotion
School of Public Health and Management
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Nursing Care Research Center in Chronic Diseases
Faculty of Health Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Institute of Social Medicine
Centre School of Public Health and Management
Faculty of Medicine
School of Public Health and Health Management
School of Business Administration
School of Population and Public Health
Centro Regional Universitario Noreste
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
College of Health Sciences
Centre for Population Health Sciences
Faculty of Health Sciences
Colombian National Health Observatory
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
National School of Public Health
Clinical Epidemiology Program
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
ICMR School of Public Health
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care
Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals
Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals
Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Development Studies
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine and Public Health
Department of Pharmacology
Centre for Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology
Department of Clinical Oncology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
School of Public Health
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Behavioural Science and Health
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Institute for Global Health
Department of Infection
Health Data Research UK
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies Department
School of Medicine
Anatomy Department
Epidemiology & Biostatistics
Department of Medical Engineering
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
Section Global Health and Rehabilitation
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Faculty of Medicine
Indian Institute of Public Health
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Biochemistry
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Population and Development
Department of Public Health
Department of Medical Ethics
School of Pharmacy
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
Department of Medical.Surgical Nursing
Epidemiology Branch
Department of Surgery
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Neonatology
Department of Nutrition and Preventive Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre
University of Sarajevo
Department of Biostatistics
Department of Forensic Medicine
Graduate Medical Education
Department of Public Health
Department of Pharmacy
Pharmacology Department
Division of Pathology
Health Research Section
Research Department
Research Section
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine
Development of Research and Technology Center
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Faculty of Medicine
Institute of Research and Development
Institue for Research and Training in Medicine
Health Science Center
Epidemiology and Data Analysis Laboratory
Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
School of Health Sciences
Addictology Department
Department of Biological Sciences
Division of Cardiology
Department of Radiology
Faculty of Medicine
Egypt Center for Research and Regenerative Medicine (ECRRM)
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Non-Communicable Diseases
Zoonotic Disease Research Center
MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions
National Institute of Environmental Health
School of Nursing
Institute of Public Health
Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences
Center for Research in Indigenous Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Biomaterials and Medicinal Chemistry Research Centre
Trauma Research Center
Department of Community Health
Department of Medicine
Food Technology Department
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
School of Global Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Faculty of Business and Management
Research and Development Department
Department of Pharmacology
Discipline of Population Health
Health Economics Unit
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Reproductive Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Adult Health Nursi
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