Gender Gap in Parental Leave Intentions: Evidence from 37 Countries

Olsson M.I.T. van Grootel S. Block K. Schuster C. Meeussen L. Van Laar C. Schmader T. Croft A. Sun M.S. Ainsaar M. Aarntzen L. Adamus M. Anderson J. Atkinson C. Avicenna M. Bąbel P. Barth M. Benson-Greenwald T.M. Maloku E. Berent J. Bergsieker H.B. Biernat M. Bîrneanu A.G. Bodinaku B. Bosak J. Bosson J. Branković M. Burkauskas J. Čavojová V. Cheryan S. Choi E. Choi I. Contreras-Ibáñez C.C. Coogan A. Danyliuk I. Dar-Nimrod I. Dasgupta N. de Lemus S. Devos T. Diab M. Diekman A.B. Efremova M. Eisner L. Eller A. Erentaite R. Fedáková D. Franc R. Gartzia L. Gavreliuc A. Gavreliuc D. Gecaite-Stonciene J. Germano A.L. Giovannelli I. Diaz R.G. Gitikhmayeva L. Gizaw A.M. Gjoneska B. González O.M. González R. Grijalva I.D. Güngör D. Sendén M.G. Hall W. Harb C. Hassan B. Hässler T. Hawi D.R. Henningsen L. Hoppe A. Ishii K. Jakšić I. Jasini A. Jurkevičienė J. Kelmendi K. Kirby T.A. Kitakaji Y. Kosakowska-Berezecka N. Kozytska I. Kulich C. Kundtová-Klocová E. Kunuroglu F. Aidy C.L. Lee A. Lindqvist A. López-López W. Luzvinda L. Maricchiolo F. Martinot D. McNamara R.A. Meister A. Melka T.L. Mickuviene N. Miranda-Orrego M.I. Mkamwa T. Morandini J. Morton T. Mrisho D. Nikitin J. Otten S. Pacilli M.G. Page-Gould E. Perandrés A. Pizarro J. Pop-Jordanova N. Pyrkosz-Pacyna J. Quta S. Ramis T. Rani N. Redersdorff S. Régner I. Renström E.A. Rivera-Rodriguez A. Rocha S.T.E. Ryabichenko T. Saab R. Sakata K. Samekin A. Sánchez-Pachecho T. Scheifele C. Schulmeyer M.K. Sczesny S. Sirlopú D. Smith-Castro V. Soo K. Spaccatini F. Steele J.R. Steffens M.C. Sucic I. Vandello J. Velásquez-Díaz L.M. Vink M. Vives E. Warkineh T.Z. Žeželj I. Zhang X. Zhao X. Martiny S.E.
December 2023 John Wiley and Sons Inc

Political Psychology
2023 #44 Issue 6 1163 - 1192 pp.

Despite global commitments and efforts, a gender-based division of paid and unpaid work persists. To identify how psychological factors, national policies, and the broader sociocultural context contribute to this inequality, we assessed parental-leave intentions in young adults (18–30 years old) planning to have children (N = 13,942; 8,880 identified as women; 5,062 identified as men) across 37 countries that varied in parental-leave policies and societal gender equality. In all countries, women intended to take longer leave than men. National parental-leave policies and womens political representation partially explained cross-national variations in the gender gap. Gender gaps in leave intentions were paradoxically larger in countries with more gender-egalitarian parental-leave policies (i.e., longer leave available to both fathers and mothers). Interestingly, this cross-national variation in the gender gap was driven by cross-national variations in womens (rather than mens) leave intentions. Financially generous leave and gender-egalitarian policies (linked to mens higher uptake in prior research) were not associated with leave intentions in men. Rather, mens leave intentions were related to their individual gender attitudes. Leave intentions were inversely related to career ambitions. The potential for existing policies to foster gender equality in paid and unpaid work is discussed.

childcare , cross-national , gender , inequality , parental leave

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Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
University of Leuven, Belgium
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
Leuphana University Lüneburg, Germany
Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium
University of British Columbia, Canada
University of Arizona, United States
University of Toronto, Canada
University of Tartu, Estonia
Utrecht University, Netherlands
Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Slovakia
Australian Catholic University, Australia
La Trobe University, Australia
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatuillah Jakarta, Indonesia
Jagiellonian University, Poland
Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Germany
Indiana University Bloomington, United States
Rochester Institute of Technology, Kosovo
University of Geneva, Switzerland
University of Waterloo, Canada
University of Kansas, United States
West University of Timisoara, Romania
University of Tirana, Albania
Dublin City University, Ireland
University of South Florida, United States
University of Belgrade, Serbia
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Lithuania
University of Washington, United States
Korea University, South Korea
Seoul National University, South Korea
UAM – Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico
Maynooth University, National University of Ireland, Ireland
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
University of Sydney, Australia
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, United States
Universidad de Granada, Spain
San Diego State University, United States
Gaza Community Mental Health Programme, Palestine
National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation
University of Zurich, Switzerland
UNAM – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
Kaunas University of Technology, Lithuania
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Croatia
Deusto Business School, Spain
Columbia University, United States
University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy
Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kazakhstan
Bahir Dar University, Ethiopia
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, North Macedonia
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Ecuador
Stockholm University, Sweden
Brock University, Canada
American University of Beirut, Lebanon
Doha Institute for Graduate Studies, Qatar
International Islamic University Islamabad, Pakistan
University of Exeter, United Kingdom
University of Leipzig, Germany
Nagoya University, Japan
University of Prishtina, Prishtina
Purdue University, United States
Hiroshima University, Japan
University of Gdańsk, Poland
Masaryk University, Czech Republic
İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University, Turkey
York University, Canada
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Lund University, Sweden
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia
Roma Tre University, Italy
Université Clermont Auvergne (LAPSCO), France
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
IMD Business School, Switzerland
Saint Augustine University of Tanzania, Tanzania
University of Copenhagen, Denmark
University of Vienna, Austria
University of Groningen, Netherlands
AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
Islamic University of Gaza, Israel
Sunway University, Malaysia
Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LPC, France
Kristianstad University, Sweden
University of Sussex, United Kingdom
M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Kazakhstan
Osnabrück University, Germany
University of Costa Rica, Costa Rica
University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
University of Bern, Switzerland
Universidad San Sebastián, Chile
Shenzhen University, China
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway

Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
University of Leuven
University of Amsterdam
Leuphana University Lüneburg
Research Foundation Flanders
University of British Columbia
University of Arizona
University of Toronto
University of Tartu
Utrecht University
Centre of Social and Psychological Sciences
Australian Catholic University
La Trobe University
State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatuillah Jakarta
Jagiellonian University
Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences
Indiana University Bloomington
Rochester Institute of Technology
University of Geneva
University of Waterloo
University of Kansas
West University of Timisoara
University of Tirana
Dublin City University
University of South Florida
University of Belgrade
Lithuanian University of Health Sciences
University of Washington
Korea University
Seoul National University
UAM – Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
Maynooth University
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv
University of Sydney
University of Massachusetts
Universidad de Granada
San Diego State University
Gaza Community Mental Health Programme
National Research University Higher School of Economics
University of Zurich
UNAM – Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
Kaunas University of Technology
Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar
Deusto Business School
Columbia University
University of Chieti-Pescara
Universidad Privada de Santa Cruz de la Sierra
L. N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Bahir Dar University
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador
Stockholm University
Brock University
American University of Beirut
Doha Institute for Graduate Studies
International Islamic University Islamabad
University of Exeter
University of Leipzig
Nagoya University
University of Prishtina
Purdue University
Hiroshima University
University of Gdańsk
Masaryk University
İzmir Kâtip Çelebi University
York University
Nanyang Technological University
Lund University
Pontificia Universidad Javeriana
Roma Tre University
Université Clermont Auvergne (LAPSCO)
Victoria University of Wellington
IMD Business School
Saint Augustine University of Tanzania
University of Copenhagen
University of Vienna
University of Groningen
AGH University of Science and Technology
Islamic University of Gaza
Sunway University
Aix Marseille Univ
Kristianstad University
University of Sussex
M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University
Osnabrück University
University of Costa Rica
University of Kaiserslautern-Landau
University of Bern
Universidad San Sebastián
Shenzhen University
UiT The Arctic University of Norway

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