Love beyond east and west: How cultural models of selfhood predict frequency of being in love

Okvitawanli A. Gajewska O. Joshanloo M. Vignoles V.L. Yeung V.W.L. Górski M.R. Haas B.W. Hussain M.A. Park J. Akaliyski P. Guemaz F. Boussena M. Sánchez-Rodríguez Á. Iter N. Vlasenko O. Bond M.H. Lun V.M.-C. Li L.M.W. Aminnuddin N.A. Işık İ. Ngom-Dieng L. Fülöp M. Igbokwe D. Adamovic M. Garðarsdóttir R.B. Soboleva N. Teyssier J. Glückstad F.K. Akello G. Akotia C. Albert I. Almakaeva A. Appoh L. Mira D.M.A. Bakyono-Nabaloum R. Baltin A. Marroquin P.E.B. Boer D. Denoux P. Espinosa A.D. Espinosa A. Esteves C.S. Gamsakhurdia V. Gavreliuc A. Hasanov R. Igou E.R. Iqbal N. Kascakova N. Kračmárová L.K. Kocimska-Bortnowska A. Kosiarczyk A. Kostoula O. Kronberger N. Kwiatkowska A. Lee H. Łużniak-Piecha M. Malyonov A. Malyonova A. Maricchiolo F. Mohammed L. Mohorić T. Mosanya M. Mosca O. Murdock E. Mustaffa N.F. Myślińska-Szarek K. Nader M. Nadi A. Ochoa D. Olechowski M. Palikot E. Pavlopoulos V. Pavlović Z. Šolcová I.P. Reza-A-Rabby M. Rizwan M. Rocha A.M. Romashov V. Røysamb E. Samekin A. Schwarz B. Selim H. Serdarevich U. Sirlopú D. Sobhie R. Sokolov B. Stogianni M. Stoyanova S. Sun C.-R. Torres C. Uchida Y. van Osch Y. van Tilburg W. Vauclair C.-M. Wasiel A. Xing C. Yeung J.C. Zelenski J. Krys K.
September 2025 Elsevier Ltd

International Journal of Intercultural Relations
2025 #108

The purpose of this paper is to understand the implications of different dimensions of cultural models of selfhood for the frequency of being in love across cultures. This is achieved by analyzing large cross-cultural datasets encompassing 49 and 70 countries. In doing so, this paper extends the current discussion regarding the impact of cultural contexts and individual mindsets on the experience of being in love by correlating eight dimensions of independent and interdependent selves (Vignoles et al., 2016). Across eight different self-construal dimensions, we found that the strongest correlate of being in love was the self-expression (vs. harmony) dimension, where a higher frequency of feeling in love, measured by Likert scale from never to all the time, was associated with greater self-expression, both at the country and at the individual levels. Our results refine the discussion on the impact of Individualism/Collectivism on love experiences by demonstrating that it is specifically the self-expression aspect of individualistic/modernized countries that contributes to a higher frequency of being in love.

Cultural models of selfhood , Individualism collectivism , Romantic passionate love , Self-construal , Self-expression

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Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
Institute of Psychology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Psychology, Keimyung University, South Korea
School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
Institute of Psychology, University of Koblenz, Koblenz, Germany
Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia, Athens, United States
Department of Finance and Economics, College of Business Administration, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Social Sciences and Business, Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Sociology and Social Policy, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Mohamed Lamine Debaghine, Setif 2, Setif, Algeria
Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Faculty of Arts and Educational Sciences, Palestine Technical University – Kadoorie, Tulkarm, Palestine
Institute of Education Science, Osnabrück University, Osnabrück, Germany
Department of Management and Marketing, Faculty of Business, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
Department of Applied Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Centre for Islamic Studies, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Brunei Darussalam
Department of Psychology, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Dakar, Senegal
Institute of Psychology, Károli Gáspár University of the Reformed Church, Budapest, Hungary
Research Centre of Natural Sciences, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience and Psychology, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
Department of Psychology, Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria
Kings Business School, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
Faculty of Psychology, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
Ronald F. Inglehart Laboratory for Comparative Social Research, Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet, Université Toulouse II, Toulouse, France
Department of Management, Society & Communication, Copenhagen Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Faculty of Medicine, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Research Unit INSIDE, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
HULAB, Comprometidos con tu desarrollo, San Salvador, El Salvador
Département de Philosophie et de Psychologie, Université Joseph Ki-Zerbo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
School of Natural Sciences and Health, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
Psychology Department, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala
Psychology Department, Iberoamerican University, Mexico City, Mexico
Departamento Académico de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima, Peru
Universisade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal
Department of Psychology, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
Department of Psychology, West University of Timișoara, Timișoara, Romania
Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Baku State University, Baku, Azerbaijan
Department of Psychology, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
Department of Psychology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Olomouc University Social Health Institute, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Psychiatric Clinic Pro Mente Sana, Bratislava, Slovakia
Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Psychology, SWPS University, Wrocław, Poland
Institute of Education and Psychology, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
Department of Psychology, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, United States
Department of Managament, SWPS University, Warsaw, Poland
Department of General and Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russian Federation
Department of Education, University of Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
Institute of Criminology and Public Safety, University of Trinidad and Tobago, Arima, Trinidad and Tobago
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
Department of Education, Psychology, Philosophy, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Psychology, SWPS University, Sopot, Poland
Department of Organizational Management, Universidad ICESI, Cali, Colombia
Department of Psychology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Department of Psychology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Educational & Counseling Psychology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Clinical Psychology, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Catholic University of Angola, Luanda, Angola
Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Applied Psychology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences, Zurich, Switzerland
King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Universidad Nacional del Oeste, Ituzaingó, Ituzaingó, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Universidad National de Hurlingham, Villa Tesei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Faculty of Psychology and Humanities, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
Interfaculty for Graduate Studies and Research, Anton de Kom University of Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
Department of Culture Studies, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, South-West University “Neofit Rilski”, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria
Department of Psychology, National Chengchi University, Taiwan, China
Institute of Psychology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, Brazil
Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
Department of Psychology, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Faculty of Psychology
Institute of Psychology
Department of Psychology
School of Psychology
Institute of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Finance and Economics
Department of Social Sciences and Business
of Education
Department of Sociology and Social Policy
Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences
Department of Social Psychology and Anthropology
Faculty of Arts and Educational Sciences
Institute of Education Science
Department of Management and Marketing
Department of Applied Psychology
Department of Psychology and Centre for Psychosocial Health
Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Centre for Islamic Studies
Department of Psychology
Faculty of Arts and Humanities
Institute of Psychology
Research Centre of Natural Sciences
Department of Psychology
Kings Business School
Faculty of Psychology
Ronald F. Inglehart Laboratory for Comparative Social Research
Département Psychologie Clinique Du Sujet
Department of Management
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Psychology
Research Unit INSIDE
Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences
HULAB
Département de Philosophie et de Psychologie
School of Natural Sciences and Health
Psychology Department
Psychology Department
Departamento Académico de Psicología
Universisade Católica Portuguesa
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Sociology and Anthropology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Olomouc University Social Health Institute
Psychiatric Clinic Pro Mente Sana
Institute of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Institute of Education and Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Managament
Department of General and Social Psychology
Department of Education
Institute of Criminology and Public Safety
Department of Psychology
Department of Education
Department of Business Administration
Department of Psychology
Department of Organizational Management
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Department of Educational & Counseling Psychology
Department of Clinical Psychology
Catholic University of Angola
Department of Psychology
School of Liberal Arts
Department of Applied Psychology
King Saud University
Universidad Nacional del Oeste
Universidad National de Hurlingham
Faculty of Psychology and Humanities
Interfaculty for Graduate Studies and Research
Department of Culture Studies
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology
Institute of Psychology
Institute for the Future of Human Society
Department of Social Psychology
Department of Psychology
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Department of Psychology
Department of Psychology

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