Global, regional, and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study
Oh J. Kim S. Yim Y. Kim M.S. Zyoud S.H. Zyoud S.H. Zoghi G. Zitoun O.A. Zielińska M. Zia H. Zhumagaliuly A. Bin Zhu Zhou J. Zhong C.C. Zhong A. Zheng J. Zhang Z.-J. Zhang Y. Zhang J. Zawiah M. Zastrozhin M. Zaki N. Zakham F. Yu C. Youssef M. Yonemoto N. Yezli S. Ye P. Yaya S. Yasufuku Y. Yano Y. Yadav M.K. Yadav L. Xue M. Xu X. Xiao L. Xia Z. Hanson S.W. Wubie Y.M. Wojewodzic M.W. Willeit P. Wickramasinghe D.P. Wicaksana A.L. Westerman R. Waqas M. Waqar A.B. Wang Y. Wang X. Violante F.S. Villafañe J.H. Villa S. Verras G.-I. Veroux M. Verma M. Vellingiri B. Vasankari T.J. Van den Eynde J. Usman J.S. Uppal D. Upadhyay E. Unnikrishnan B. Unim B. Undurraga E.A. Umar U.M. Ullah S. Ullah I. Ullah A. Udoakang A.J. Tumurkhuu M. Truyen T.T.T.T. Tromans S.J. Tripathy J.P. Trico D. Tran T.H. Tran Q.T.H. Tran N.H. Tran J.T. Topor-Madry R. Tomo S. Tiwari V.K. Tiwari K. Thirunavukkarasu S. Sundaram M.T. Thankappan K.R. Temsah M.-H. Temesgen W.A. Telayneh A.T. Tavangar S.M. Tat N.Y. Tan K.-K. 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Abubakar I.J. Farha R.K.A. Abtahi D. Abreu L.G. Abouzid M. Abolhassani H. Aboagye R.G. Zuñiga R.A.A. Abebaw N. Abdullahi A. Abdulah D.M. Abdollahifar M.-A. Abdi P. Abdelmagied M.H. Abdelkader A. ElHafeez S.A. Abd Al Magied A.H.A. Abbasian M. Aalruz H. Jabbar A.A.J. Il Shin J. Hay S.I. Yon D.K.
January 2026Nature Research
Nature Medicine
2026#32Issue 1197 - 223 pp.
Chronic respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary sarcoidosis, are major global causes of mortality and morbidity. Although the COVID-19 pandemic has influenced acute respiratory health, its impact on chronic respiratory conditions remains unclear. We estimated the global, regional and national burden of chronic respiratory diseases from 1990 to 2023, including risk factors, and evaluated how these burdens have shifted during the COVID-19 pandemic using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. In 2023, chronic respiratory diseases accounted for 569.2 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI), 508.8–639.8) cases and 4.2 million (3.6–5.1) deaths. The age-standardized death rate declined by 25.7% globally from 1990 to 2023 despite an increase in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Mortality declined in younger males, especially for asthma, whereas older adults experienced a rise in ILD and pulmonary sarcoidosis. Smoking was the primary risk factor for COPD, whereas high body mass index and silica exposure were key risk factors for asthma and pneumoconiosis. During the pandemic, the incidence of chronic respiratory diseases increased modestly, but the decline in mortality rates became more pronounced, highlighting the need for sustained global attention and action to address their long-term burden.
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Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Center for Digital Health, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Pharmacy, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St John’s, NL, Canada
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Midwifery, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
Department of Microbiology, Edo State University Uzairue, Iyamho, Nigeria
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Statistics, National Chengchi University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Trivedi School of Biosciences, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Sonipat, India
Section of General Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Medical Oncology, Miami Cancer Institute, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health, King Edward Medical University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Research and Development Department, Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan
Microbiological Analysis Team, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Daejeon, South Korea
Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Debre Berhan University, Deberbirhan, Ethiopia
Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, EpiMetrics, Inc., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ibadan, Ilorin, Nigeria
Veterinary Pathology, Stockholm County Council Surveillance and Analysis Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Ilorin, Nigeria
Nazarbayev University, Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Sham Private University, Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic
School of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Asian University for Women, McGill University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Department of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan
Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
School of Nursing-Department of Clinical Nursing, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sana’a University, Sana’a, Yemen
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Otolaryngology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sana’a, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Pathological Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, IA, United States
Research Department, Nepal Health Research Council, Kathmandu, Nepal
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
School of Population Health, UNSW Sydney, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo De Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Environmental Health, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Neurological Surgery Department, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiology, Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Monash Addiction Research Center, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Business, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Basic Sciences, College of Vet. Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Community Medicine Department, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Alpha Genomics Private Limited, Islamabad, Pakistan
College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Biological Science Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Surgery, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Infectious Disease Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Department of Pediatric Neurology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University, New York, NY, United States
Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
Department of Global Health, George Washington University, Washington DC, United States
Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Sintra, Portugal
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS), Universidade Católica Portuguesa (Catholic University of Portugal), Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, India
Community Health Department, University of South Wales, South Wales, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Gross Pointe Woods, MI, United States
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Internal Medicine Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
General Medicine Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Environmental Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, Craiova, Romania
Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Board of Directors, Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Unit of Hygiene and Public Health, Romagna Local Health Authority, Cesena, Italy
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies, Pisa, Italy
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Public Health Department, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group, National University of Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Public Health Unit, University Health Agency Giuliano-Isontina (ASUGI), Trieste, Italy
College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
Cardio-Oncology Research Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences, Curtin University, Miri, Malaysia
Clinical Research Center, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP), Ministry of Health, Baghdad, Iraq
The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Wardha, India
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC), Vellore, India
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Paediatric Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Umuahia, Nigeria
Department of Health Behavior, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States
School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Health Effects Institute, Boston, MA, United States
Nova Medical School, Nova University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Clinical Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Institute for Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Ophthalmology Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Ophthalmology Department, Emergency University Hospital Bucharest, Bucuresti, Romania
Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Toronto, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Department of Medicine, Universitat Jaume I, Castellon, Spain
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Department of Cardiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
Statistics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
Research and Development Cell, Dr D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed to be University), Pune, India
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Institute of Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Department of Epidemiology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
Department of Epidemiology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
Faculty of Science, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Independent Consultant, South Plainfield, NJ, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
College of Medicine, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Toront Centre for Liver Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (University of Science Malaysia), Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta city, Egypt
School of Public Health, Texila American University, Georgetown, Guyana
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Anatomy and Embryology, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas, Dallas, TX, United States
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence
,
Department of Medicine
Center for Digital Health
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative
Massachusetts General Hospital
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
Department of Nursing
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
College of Pharmacy
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
College of Dentistry
Department of Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Midwifery
Postgraduate Department
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science)
Department of Family and Community Health
School of Population Health
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Anesthesiology
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department
School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
Medical Research Center
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
College of Pharmacy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Clinical Medicine
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
School of Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
Menzies School of Health Research
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Department of Microbiology
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Statistics
Department of Community Medicine
Public Health Section
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience
Research School of Population Health
Department of Public Health
Technical Services Directorate
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
School of Medicine
Experimental Medicine Research Center
Trivedi School of Biosciences
Section of General Internal Medicine
Department of Public Health Sciences
College of Medicine
School of Nursing
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Department of Medical Oncology
Department of Community Medicine and Preventive Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Department of Biosciences
Research and Development Department
Microbiological Analysis Team
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Psychology
Department of Public Health Epidemiology
Menelik II Medical and Health Science College
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Veterinary Pathology
Veterinary Pathology
Nazarbayev University
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Cardiology
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Division of Public Health Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
School of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Murdoch Business School
Preventive Dentistry Department
Department of Public Health
Asian University for Women
School of Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Department of Bacteriology
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Nursing
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Biosciences
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Geography
Department of Nuclear Medicine
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
Independent Consultant
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
School of Nursing-Department of Clinical Nursing
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Respiratory Care
Faculty of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Department of Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Basic Sciences
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Otolaryngology Department
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
University of Sharjah
University Institute of Public Health
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Pathological Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center
Research Department
College of Medicine
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
Centre for Primary Care & Health Services Research
Department of Pharmacology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Special Interest Group International Health
School of Pharmacy
School of Population Health
Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Microbiology
Regenerative Medicine
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc)
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS)
Rural Health Research Institute
School of Medicine and Public Health
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
College of Pharmacy
Department of Applied Mathematics
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Department of Cardiovascular
University College of Medicine & Dentistry
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Science
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Environmental Health
Neurological Surgery Department
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Physiology
Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development
Monash Addiction Research Center
Department of Forensic Medicine
Division of Pulmonary
School of Business
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Behavior and Society
Department of Anesthesia
Department of Basic Sciences
Community Medicine Department
Department of Population Medicine
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
International Medical School
Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases
Faculty of Medicine
Miller School of Medicine
Clinical Sciences Department
Alpha Genomics Private Limited
College of Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Biological Science Division
Department of Surgery
Department of Microbiology
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Infectious Disease Research Department
Department of Veterinary Microbiology
Department of Biomedical Sciences
National AIDS Reference Center of Southern Greece
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Pediatric Neurology
Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion
Hubert Department of Global Health
Department of Global Health
Faculty of Medicine
Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health (CIIS)
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
School of Pharmacy
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Community Health Department
Department of Public Health
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Department of Demography and Population Studies
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Medicine
General Medicine Service
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Department of Environmental Health
School of Pharmacy
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Department of Family and Community Medicine
School of Public Health Sciences
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Faculty of Health Sciences Healthcare Management Department
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine
Board of Directors
Center for Nutrition and Health Research
Unit of Hygiene and Public Health
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Health Science
Department of Psychiatry
Public Health Department
Epidemiology and Public Health Evaluation Group
Department of Medical
Public Health Unit
College of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
School of Public Health
Department of Biotechnology
Institute for Skeletal Aging & Orthopedic Surgery
State Disease Investigation Laboratory
Cardio-Oncology Research Unit
Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine
Department of Biology
Faculty of Humanities and Health Sciences
Clinical Research Center
Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health
Department of Paediatrics
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Public Health
Iraq Field Epidemiology Training Program (I-FETP)
The Nethersole School of Nursing
Department of Community Medicine
Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work
Department of Pulmonary Medicine
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Molecular Parasitology and Tropical Diseases
Department of Paediatric Surgery
Department of Health Behavior
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Health Effects Institute
Nova Medical School
Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
School of Nursing
Research Department
Faculty of Medicine
Research Center for Child Psychiatry
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
School of Clinical Medicine
School of Pharmacy and Charles Perkins Centre
Institute for Health Sciences
Department of Public Health
Ophthalmology Department
Ophthalmology Department
Department of Geography and Environmental Management
Department of Medicine
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute
Department of Cardiology
JSS Medical College Department of Biochemistry
Statistics Discipline
Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
Division of Pathology
Research and Development Cell
Department of Community Medicine
Institute of Occupational
Department of Life Science and Public Health
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Epidemiology
Faculty of Science
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Public Health
Independent Consultant
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Faculty of Health
College of Medicine
Toront Centre for Liver Diseases
School of Health Sciences
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Isenberg School of Management
Department of Medicine
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Anatomy and Embryology
Deanship of Preparatory Year and Supporting Studies
Sharjah Institute for Medical Research
Faculty of Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
Department of Animal Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
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