Global, regional, and national burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis, 1990–2021, and projections to 2050: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

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Yon D.K.
May 2025 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
2025 #13 Issue 5 425 - 446 pp.

Background: Asthma and atopic dermatitis are common allergic conditions that contribute to substantial health loss, economic burden, and pain across individuals of all ages worldwide. Therefore, as a component of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021, we present updated estimates of the prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), incidence, and deaths due to asthma and atopic dermatitis and the burden attributable to modifiable risk factors, with forecasted prevalence up to 2050. Methods: Asthma and atopic dermatitis prevalence, incidence, DALYs, and mortality, with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), were estimated for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. A systematic review identified data from 389 sources for asthma and 316 for atopic dermatitis, which were further pooled using the Bayesian meta-regression tool. We also described the age-standardised DALY rates of asthma attributable to four modifiable risk factors: high BMI, occupational asthmagens, smoking, and nitrogen dioxide pollution. Furthermore, as a secondary analysis, prevalence was forecasted to 2050 using the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), air pollution, and smoking as predictors for asthma and atopic dermatitis. To assess trends in the burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis before (2010–19) and during (2019–21) the COVID-19 pandemic, we compared their average annual percentage changes (AAPCs). Findings: In 2021, there were an estimated 260 million (95% UI 227–298) individuals with asthma and 129 million (124–134) individuals with atopic dermatitis worldwide. Asthma cases declined from 287 million (250–331) in 1990 to 238 million (209–272) in 2005 but increased to 260 million in 2021. Atopic dermatitis cases consistently rose from 107 million (103–112) in 1990 to 129 million (124–134) in 2021. However, age-standardised prevalence rates decreased—by 40·0% (from 5568·3 per 100 000 to 3340·1 per 100 000) for asthma and 8·3% (from 1885·4 per 100 000 to 1728·5 per 100 000) for atopic dermatitis. In 2021, there were substantial variations in the burden of asthma and atopic dermatitis across different SDI groups, with the highest age-standardised DALY rate found in south Asia for asthma (465·0 [357·2–648·9] per 100 000) and the high-income super-region for atopic dermatitis (3552·5 [3407·2–3706·1] per 100 000). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the decline in asthma prevalence had stagnated (AAPC pre-pandemic –1·39% [–2·07 to –0·71] and during the pandemic 0·47% [–1·86 to 2·79]; p=0·020); however, there was no significant difference in atopic dermatitis prevalence in the same period (pre-pandemic –0·28% [–0·33 to –0·22] and during the pandemic –0·35% [–0·78 to 0·08]; p=0·20). Modifiable risk factors were responsible for 29·9% of the global asthma DALY burden; among them, high BMI was the greatest contributor (39·4 [19·6–60·2] per 100 000), followed by occupational asthmagens (20·8 [16·7–26·5] per 100 000) across all regions. The age-standardised DALY rate of asthma attributable to high BMI was highest in high-SDI settings, whereas the contribution of occupational asthmagens was highest in low-SDI settings. According to our forecasting models, we expect 275 million (224–330) asthma cases and 148 million (140–158) atopic dermatitis cases in 2050, with population growth driving this increase. However, age-standardised prevalence rates are expected to remain stable (–23·2% [–44·4 to 5·3] for asthma and –1·4% [–9·1 to 7·0] for atopic dermatitis) from 2021 to 2050. Interpretation: Although the increases in the total number of asthma and atopic dermatitis cases will probably continue until 2050, age-standardised prevalence rates are expected to remain stable. A considerable portion of the global burden could be managed through efforts to address modifiable risk factors. Additionally, the contribution of risk factors to the burden substantially varied by SDI, which suggests the need for tailored initiatives for specific SDI settings. The growing number of individuals expected to be affected by asthma and atopic dermatitis in the future suggests that it is essential to improve our understanding of risk factors for asthma and atopic dermatitis and collect disease prevalence data that are globally generalisable. Funding: Gates Foundation.

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Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Center for Digital Health, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Pathology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicine, Memorial University, St Johns, NL, Canada
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Duhok Research Centre, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Scientific Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Pharmacology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Institute of Public Health, Walden University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Department of Public Health, Padjadjaran University (Universitas Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Public Health, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
CTAG, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Physics, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Lahore Business School, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
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Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Special Interest Group International Health, Public Health Association of Australia, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Ophthalmology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Eye Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Health Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Department of Public and Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Banjul, Gambia
Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
Department of Medical Education, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Social and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
School of Health Policy and Management, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Preventive Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, University of Health Sciences and Pharmacy in St Louis, St Louis, MO, United States
School of Pharmacy, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
The Translational and Clinical Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Department of Demography and Population Studies, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Faculty of Medicine, University Ferhat Abbas of Setif, Setif, Algeria
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Hospital Saadna Abdenour, Setif, Algeria
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
School of Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Applied Nursing, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires (Italian Hospital of Buenos Aires), Buenos Aires, Argentina
Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
University of Milan Bicocca, Italy
College of Public Health, Medical, and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Department of Public Health, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Institute of Clinical Physiology, Italian National Council of Research, Pisa, Italy
State Disease Investigation Laboratory, Animal Resources Development Department, Agartala, India
Cardio-Oncology Research Unit, Cardiovascular Analytics Group, Hong Kong
Clinical Nutrition Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Epidemiology Program, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Division of Dermatology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Community Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi, India
Department of Biology, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Concord Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Department of Public Health, Administration, and Social Sciences, Cayetano Heredia University, Lima, Peru
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome, Chitkara University, Rajpura, India
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Applied Sciences, VNU International School (VNUIS), Hanoi, Viet Nam
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Moldova
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário, Vila Nova de Famalicão, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Research Department, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syrian Arab Republic
Research Center for Child Psychiatry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Neonatology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
Dermatology Service Department, Aurora, CO, United States
Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO, United States
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Research and Development Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune (deemed to be University), Pune, India
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Faculty of Management, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of General Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Faculty of Medicine, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
South Plainfield, NJ, United States
Womens College Research Institute, Womens College Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Department of Pediatric Nursing, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Indonesia Hospital, Depok, Indonesia
Faculty of Science and Health, University of Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom
Almoosa College of Health Sciences, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
School of Public Health, Texila American University, Guyana, Guyana
Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Animal Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Cardiovascular Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Oral Biology, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
Malé, Maldives
Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Allergology, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Research and Publication Activity Division, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Science, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medical Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Social Sciences, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
Institute of Public Health, Charité Medical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Pharmacology, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
Department of Dermatology, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Division of General Internal Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Community and Family Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Quantitative Department, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC), Tehran, Iran
Department of Genetics, Sana Institute of Higher Education, Sari, Iran
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
Department of Community Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
Department of Toxicology, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
Department of Immunology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
Surgical Biotechnology Department, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Advanced Nursing, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
School of Nursing and Midwivery, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Pharmacy, Marwadi University, Rajkot, India
Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Mangalore, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
School of Computer Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Jadara University Research Center, Jadara University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
Department of Occupational Therapy, Asia University, Taiwan, Taichung, Taiwan
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme, Episcope Research Service, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
West Africa RCC, Africa Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Research, ICMR National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
School of Pharmacy, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Bedong, Malaysia
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, India
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Statistics Unit, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
Department of Health and Safety, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Environmental Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran
Malla Reddy Vishwa Vidyapeeth, Hyderabad, India
Invasive Fungi Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Mysuru, India
Rothschild Foundation Hospital, Institut Français de Myopie, Paris, France
Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (deemed to be University), Karad, India
Department of Public Health Dentistry, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth (deemed to be University), Karad, India
Department of Dermatology, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
Poche Centre for Indigenous Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Regional Institute for Population Studies, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Department of Respiratory Medicine, King Georges Medical University, Lucknow, India
Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi, India
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Noida, India
Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Noida, India
Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), Iran Food and Drug Administration, Tehran, Iran
Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Biochemistry, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
Department of Clinical Research, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
Department of Biochemistry, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
College of Public Health & Health Informatics, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, ISPM University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
University Childrens Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
Center of Medicine and Public Health, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, Queensland Health, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Digital Health and Informatics Directorate, Queensland Health, Brisb

Department of Medicine
Center for Digital Health
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Department of Epidemiology
Pediatric Dentistry and Dental Public Health Department
Department of Pathology
Department of Mathematics and Sciences
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
Department of Medicine
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Duhok Research Centre
Department of Family and Community Health
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Scientific Research
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Childrens Medical Center
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Department of Immunology
Sina Hospital
School of Public Health
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Epidemiology
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Cancer Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Immunology
Department of Nursing
Department of Clinical Sciences
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
University of Sharjah
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
College of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Family Medicine Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering
United Arab Emirates University
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacology
School of Medicine
Concord Clinical School
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
Department of Family Medicine
Family Medicine
Institute of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of Life Sciences
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Community-Oriented Nursing Midwifery Research Center
Modeling in Health Research Center
Brody School of Medicine
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Department of Internal Medicine
Murdoch Business School
Department of Community and Mental Health
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Nursing
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Geography
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Respiratory Care
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Public Health
CTAG
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Department of Physics
Lahore Business School
Research
Applied Science Research Center
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Lerner Research Institute
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Special Interest Group International Health
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Microbiology
Rural Health Research Institute
Health Management and Economics Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology
Eye Research Center
Department of Applied Mathematics
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Cabrini Research
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR)
Department of Immunology
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Health Behavior and Society
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
ASIDE Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Public and Environmental Health
Department of Epidemiology
College of Medicine
Department of Surgery
Department of Medical Education
Department of Social and Behavioral Health
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Microbiology
School of the Environment
Department of Psychiatry
School of Health Policy and Management
Department of Medicine
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences
School of Pharmacy
The Translational and Clinical Institute
Department of Clinical Medicine
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Department of Microbiology
Department of Demography and Population Studies
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
School of Pharmacy
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
School of Nursing
Department of Applied Nursing
Department of Maternal-Child Nursing and Public Health
Department of Internal and Geriatric Medicine
Argentine Society of Medicine
Dermatology Unit
University of Milan Bicocca
College of Public Health
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
Department of Public Health
Institute of Clinical Physiology
State Disease Investigation Laboratory
Cardio-Oncology Research Unit
Clinical Nutrition Department
Epidemiology Program
Department of Public Health
College of Nursing and Health Sciences
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Division of Dermatology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Biology
Department of Paediatrics
The Nethersole School of Nursing
Concord Institute of Academic Surgery
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Public Health
Centre for Research Impact & Outcome
The Interdisciplinary Research Group on Biomedicine and Health
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology
Department of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technologies
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3S)
Department of Community Medicine
Research Department
Faculty of Medicine
Research Center for Child Psychiatry
IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi
Department of Dermatology
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Neonatology
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Dermatology
Dermatology Service Department
Department of Veterans Affairs
Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute
Research and Development Cell
Department of Community Medicine
University of South Carolina
Department of Life Science and Public Health
Faculty of Management
Department of Medicine
Department of General Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medicine
South Plainfield
Womens College Research Institute
Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine
Department of Pediatric Nursing
Centre for Family Welfare
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Faculty of Science and Health
Almoosa College of Health Sciences
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
School of Public Health
Minderoo Foundation
School of Biological Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Houston Methodist Hospital
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
Department of Animal Medicine
Cardiovascular Department
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community
Department of Oral Biology
Malé
Kazakh National Medical University
Laboratory of Experimental Medicine
Department of Allergology
Research and Publication Activity Division
Department of Science
School of Engineering
Trauma Research Center
Department of Medical Immunology
Health Policy Research Center
Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Department of Social Sciences
Institute of Public Health
Department of Cardiac
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Dermatology
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Environmental Health
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences
College of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Division of General Internal Medicine
Department of Community and Family Medicine
Department of Biostatistics
Quantitative Department
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Genetics
Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Toxicology
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine
Department of Immunology
Cancer Research Center
Surgical Biotechnology Department
Department of Advanced Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwivery
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Medicine
National Agency for Strategic Research in Medical Sciences Education
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs and Management
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Pulmonology
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science
School of Health and Society
School of Computer Science
Jadara University Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Department of Occupational Therapy
Collaborative Alliance Research and Education (CARE) Programme
West Africa RCC
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Electrical Engineering
Department of Health Research
School of Pharmacy
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Immunology
Applied Cellular and Molecular Research Center
Physiology Research Center
Department of Immunology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Internal Medicine
Statistics Unit
Department of Health and Safety
Department of Environmental Engineering
Malla Reddy Vishwa Vidyapeeth
Invasive Fungi Research Center
Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing
Department of Biochemistry
Rothschild Foundation Hospital
Singapore Eye Research Institute
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Manipal College of Dental Sciences
Department of Economics
Department of Family Medicine and Public Health
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
Department of Public Health Dentistry
Department of Dermatology
Poche Centre for Indigenous Health
Regional Institute for Population Studies
Department of Respiratory Medicine
Public Health Foundation of India
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences
Amity Institute of Pharmacy
Amity Institute of Public Health
Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI)
Primary Care Department
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Clinical Research
Department of Public Health
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
School of Health Sciences
Department of International Health and Sustainable Development
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion
Department of General Practice and Family Medicine
Department of Biochemistry
College of Public Health & Health Informatics
Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine
University Childrens Hospital
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Institute of Clinical Medicine
Center of Medicine and Public Health
Department of Medicine
Digital Health and Informatics Directorate

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