Efficient Pb(II) Adsorption by Natural Mugaldzhar Diatomite: Isotherm, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Analysis
Nurgain A. Nazhipkyzy M. Özsin G. Zhaparova A.A. Apaydın-Varol E.
November 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Journal of Composites Science
2025#9Issue 11
Heavy metal pollution remains one of the major environmental challenges due to the persistence and toxicity of metals such as Pb(II). This study investigates the potential of natural diatomite from Mugaldzhar, Kazakhstan, as a low-cost and sustainable sorbent for lead removal from aqueous solutions. The effects of key parameters, including sorbent dosage, particle size, contact time, temperature, and initial Pb(II) concentration, were systematically examined. Adsorption experiments revealed a maximum adsorption capacity of 74.9 mg/g at 45 °C and an initial Pb(II) concentration of 800 mg/L. The adsorption behavior followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, indicating a chemisorption mechanism, while isotherm analysis showed a transition from Langmuir to Freundlich type with increasing temperature. Thermodynamic data confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the process. These results demonstrate that unmodified natural diatomite exhibits high efficiency for Pb(II) removal, emphasizing its suitability as an eco-friendly and cost-effective material for water purification and environmental remediation.
adsorption , diatomite , isotherm modeling , kinetics , Pb(II) , thermodynamics
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Department of Chemical Physics and Material Science, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Institute of Combustion Problems, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Chemical Engineering Department, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, 11210, Turkey
Department of Chemical Physics and Material Science
Institute of Combustion Problems
Chemical Engineering Department
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