Comparative Analysis of Extraction Methods and BTEX Profiling in Iranian Hookah Tobacco
Nikbakhtan L. Hassan J. Koohi M.K. Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M. Ahmadi S.H. Manafi M. Torkian L. Oladejo T.O.
September 2025Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Chemistry Africa
2025#8Issue 72845 - 2854 pp.
This study aimed to compare the performance of QuEChERS and ultrasonic methods for the extraction of chemicals in hookah tobacco samples consumed in Iran as well as to determine the amounts of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) compounds in the smoke of hookah tobacco. To this end, common types of hookah tobacco samples including Khansar, Borazjan, Apple, Orange, and Blueberry were obtained from the Iranian market. The GC-MS method was used to analyze chemicals in the extracted mixtures. Smoke analysis was also performed by GC-MS. Our result revealed that hookah tobacco types contained different chemical compound profiles. Nicotine and palmitic acid β-monoglyceride were the major compounds in traditional hookah tobacco samples including Khansar while flavored tobacco samples showed different chemicals. Nicotine, menthol, 1,8-cineole, and methyl dihydrojasmonate were the major compounds in Apple samples. Other hookah tobacco samples showed different chemical profiles. Moreover, the smoke analysis showed different BTEX profiling in different types of hookah tobacco samples. The highest concentrations of BTEX were detected in Borazjan while the lowest were identified in Apple samples. In conclusion, the current study showed hazardous chemicals in the hookah tobacco samples either traditional or industrial flavored types. We found that different brands of hookah tobacco have distinct chemical profiles and thus can be used in tobacco control programs. Our suggested analytical methodologies and resultant data may be useful for the quality control and toxicological analysis programs of hookah tobacco as a source of environmental pollution.
Environmental chemistry , Extraction method , Hookah tobacco , QuEChERS , Toxicology , Ultrasonic
Text of the article Перейти на текст статьи
Department of Applied Chemistry, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Division of Toxicology, Department of Comparative Bioscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
Faculty of Clean Technologies, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, Tehran, Iran
Research Center of Modeling and Optimization in Science and Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Nazarbayev School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Applied Chemistry
Division of Toxicology
Department of Basic Sciences
Faculty of Clean Technologies
Research Center of Modeling and Optimization in Science and Engineering
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026