Estimation of the global prevalence of dementia in 2019 and forecasted prevalence in 2050: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Nichols E. Steinmetz J.D. Vollset S.E. Fukutaki K. Chalek J. Abd-Allah F. Abdoli A. Abualhasan A. Abu-Gharbieh E. Akram T.T. Al Hamad H. Alahdab F. Alanezi F.M. Alipour V. Almustanyir S. Amu H. Ansari I. Arabloo J. Ashraf T. Astell-Burt T. Ayano G. Ayuso-Mateos J.L. Baig A.A. Barnett A. Barrow A. Baune B.T. Béjot Y. Mequanint Bezabhe W.M. Bezabih Y.M. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhaskar S. Bhattacharyya K. Bijani A. Biswas A. Bolla S.R. Boloor A. Brayne C. Brenner H. Burkart K. Burns R.A. Cámera L.A. Cao C. Carvalho F. Castro-De-Araujo L.F.S. Catalá-López F. Cerin E. Chavan P.P. Cherbuin N. Chu D.-T. Costa V.M. Couto R.A.S. Dadras O. Dai X. Dandona L. Dandona R. De la Cruz-Góngora V. Dhamnetiya D. da Silva D.D. Diaz D. Douiri A. Edvardsson D. Ekholuenetale M. El Sayed I. El-Jaafary S.I. Eskandari K. Eskandarieh S. Esmaeilnejad S. Fares J. Faro A. Farooque U. Feigin V.L. Feng X. Fereshtehnejad S.-M. Fernandes E. Ferrara P. Filip I. Fillit H. Fischer F. Gaidhane S. Galluzzo L. Ghashghaee A. Ghith N. Gialluisi A. Gilani S.A. Glavan I.-R. Gnedovskaya E.V. Golechha M. Gupta R. Gupta V.B. Gupta V.K. Haider M.R. Hall B.J. Hamidi S. Hanif A. Hankey G.J. Haque S. Hartono R.K. Hasaballah A.I. Hasan M.T. Hassan A. Hay S.I. Hayat K. Hegazy M.I. Heidari G. Heidari-Soureshjani R. Herteliu C. Househ M. Hussain R. Hwang B.-F. Iacoviello L. Iavicoli I. Ilesanmi O.S. Ilic I.M. Ilic M.D. Irvani S.S.N. Iso H. Iwagami M. Jabbarinejad R. Jacob L. Jain V. Jayapal S.K. Jayawardena R. Jha R.P. Jonas J.B. Joseph N. Kalani R. Kandel A. Kandel H. Karch A. Kasa A.S. Kassie G.M. Keshavarz P. Khan M.A.B. Khatib M.N. Khoja T.A.M. Khubchandani J. Kim M.S. Kim Y.J. Kisa A. Kisa S. Kivimäki M. Koroshetz W.J. Koyanagi A. Kumar G.A. Kumar M. Lak H.M. Leonardi M. Li B. Lim S.S. Liu X. Liu Y. Logroscino G. Lorkowski S. Lucchetti G. Saute R.L. Magnani F.G. Malik A.A. Massano J. Mehndiratta M.M. Menezes R.G. Meretoja A. Mohajer B. Ibrahim N.M. Mohammad Y. Mohammed A. Mokdad A.H. Mondello S. Moni M.A. Moniruzzaman M. Mossie T.B. Nagel G. Naveed M. Nayak V.C. Kandel S.N. Nguyen T.H. Oancea B. Otstavnov N. Otstavnov S.S. Owolabi M.O. Panda-Jonas S. Kan F.P. Pasovic M. Patel U.K. Pathak M. Peres M.F.P. Perianayagam A. Peterson C.B. Phillips M.R. Pinheiro M. Piradov M.A. Pond C.D. Potashman M.H. Pottoo F.H. Prada S.I. Radfar A. Raggi A. Rahim F. Rahman M. Ram P. Ranasinghe P. Rawaf D.L. Rawaf S. Rezaei N. Rezapour A. Robinson S.R. Romoli M. Roshandel G. Sahathevan R. Sahebkar A. Sahraian M.A. Sathian B. Sattin D. Sawhney M. Saylan M. Schiavolin S. Seylani A. Sha F. Shaikh M.A. Shaji K.S. Shannawaz M. Shetty J.K. Shigematsu M. Shin J.I. Shiri R. Santos Silva D.A. Silva J.P. Silva R. Singh J.A. Skryabin V.Y. Skryabina A.A. Smith A.E. Soshnikov S. Spurlock E.E. Stein D.J. Sun J. Tabarés-Seisdedos R. Thakur B. Timalsina B. Tovani-Palone M.R. Tran B.X. Tsegaye G.W. Tahbaz S.V. Valdez P.R. Venketasubramanian N. Vlassov V. Vu G.T. Vu L.G. Wang Y.-P. Wimo A. Winkler A.S. Yadav L. Jabbari S.H.Y. Yamagishi K. Yang L. Yano Y. Yonemoto N. Yu C. Yunusa I. Zadey S. Zastrozhin M.S. Zastrozhina A. Zhang Z.-J. Murray C.J.L. Vos T.
February 2022 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Public Health
2022 #7 Issue 2 e105 - e125 pp.

Background: Given the projected trends in population ageing and population growth, the number of people with dementia is expected to increase. In addition, strong evidence has emerged supporting the importance of potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia. Characterising the distribution and magnitude of anticipated growth is crucial for public health planning and resource prioritisation. This study aimed to improve on previous forecasts of dementia prevalence by producing country-level estimates and incorporating information on selected risk factors. Methods: We forecasted the prevalence of dementia attributable to the three dementia risk factors included in the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 (high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, and smoking) from 2019 to 2050, using relative risks and forecasted risk factor prevalence to predict GBD risk-attributable prevalence in 2050 globally and by world region and country. Using linear regression models with education included as an additional predictor, we then forecasted the prevalence of dementia not attributable to GBD risks. To assess the relative contribution of future trends in GBD risk factors, education, population growth, and population ageing, we did a decomposition analysis. Findings: We estimated that the number of people with dementia would increase from 57·4 (95% uncertainty interval 50·4–65·1) million cases globally in 2019 to 152·8 (130·8–175·9) million cases in 2050. Despite large increases in the projected number of people living with dementia, age-standardised both-sex prevalence remained stable between 2019 and 2050 (global percentage change of 0·1% [–7·5 to 10·8]). We estimated that there were more women with dementia than men with dementia globally in 2019 (female-to-male ratio of 1·69 [1·64–1·73]), and we expect this pattern to continue to 2050 (female-to-male ratio of 1·67 [1·52–1·85]). There was geographical heterogeneity in the projected increases across countries and regions, with the smallest percentage changes in the number of projected dementia cases in high-income Asia Pacific (53% [41–67]) and western Europe (74% [58–90]), and the largest in north Africa and the Middle East (367% [329–403]) and eastern sub-Saharan Africa (357% [323–395]). Projected increases in cases could largely be attributed to population growth and population ageing, although their relative importance varied by world region, with population growth contributing most to the increases in sub-Saharan Africa and population ageing contributing most to the increases in east Asia. Interpretation: Growth in the number of individuals living with dementia underscores the need for public health planning efforts and policy to address the needs of this group. Country-level estimates can be used to inform national planning efforts and decisions. Multifaceted approaches, including scaling up interventions to address modifiable risk factors and investing in research on biological mechanisms, will be key in addressing the expected increases in the number of individuals affected by dementia. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and Gates Ventures.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Neurology, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
Zoonosis Research Center, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center, Mayo Clinic Foundation for Medical Education and Research, Rochester, MN, United States
Forensic Medicine Division, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Health Economics, Tehran, Iran
Student Research Committee, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Medical Students Research Committee, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Health and Society, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
Menzies Centre for Health Policy, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Psychiatry, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (Autonomous University of Madrid), Madrid, Spain
CIBERSAM, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
National School of Public Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Unit of Biochemistry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (Sultan Zainal Abidin University), Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Public & Environmental Health, University of The Gambia, Brikama, Gambia
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit, Ministry of Health, Kotu, Gambia
Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dijon, Dijon, France
Dijon Stroke Registry, UFR Sciences Sante, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
University of Tasmania, Tasmania, VIC, Australia
Department of Internal Medicine, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Psychiatry, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
One Health, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Kralova, Czech Republic
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory, NSW Brain Clot Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics, National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, India
Department of Statistics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
Department of Neurology, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan City, Kazakhstan
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Argentine Society of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Laboratory of Toxicology, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Chemistry, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Department of Neurology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health, VNU-International School, Hanoi, Viet Nam
School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
Department of Community Medicine, Dr. Baba Saheb Ambedkar Medical College & Hospital, Delhi, India
Center of Complexity Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Rosales, Mexico
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Nursing, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Pharmaceutics Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Psychiatry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Microbiology, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Psychology, Federal University of Sergipe, Sao Cristovao, Brazil
Department of Internal Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
Third Department of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russian Federation
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
Department of Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Division of Neurology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Research Center on Public Health, University of Milan Bicocca, Monza, Italy
Psychiatry Department, Kaiser Permanente, Fontana, CA, United States
School of Health Sciences, AT Still University, Mesa, AZ, United States
Alzheimers Drug Discovery Foundation, New York, NY, United States
Department of Geriatric Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Department of Neurology and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research, Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences, Weingarten, Germany
Department of Medicine, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Wardha, India
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (Italian National Health Institute), Roma, Italy
Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
Department of Statistics and Econometrics, Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Bucharest, Romania
Health Systems and Policy Research, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Preventive Cardiology, Eternal Heart Care Centre &, Research Institute, Jaipur, India
Department of Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi University Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Social and Public Health, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Neurology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
Research &, Scientific Studies Unit, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju (Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences), Institution of Public Health Sciences, Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, China
Santa Clara, CA, United States
School of Business, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
College of Science and Engineering, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED), University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Tabriz, Iran
Public Health Department of Social Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
Department of Health Services Research, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Research and Development Center for Health Services, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene &, Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
Research and Development Unit, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Centre of Studies and Research, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Department of Physiology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Department of Pharmacology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing, China
Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
School of Science and Technology, The University of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
Department of Diagnostic &, Interventional Radiology, New Hospitals LTD, Tbilisi, Georgia
Primary Care Department, NHS North West London, London, United Kingdom
Executive Board of the Health Ministers Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council States, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States
Department of Genomics and Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Seoul, South Korea
Public Health Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Wando, South Korea
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
School of Health Sciences, Kristiania University College, Oslo, Norway
Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Finland
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), San Juan de Dios Sanitary Park, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
UO Neurologia, Salute Pubblica e Disabilità, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta (Neurology, Public Health and Disability Unit, Carlo Besta Neurological Institute), Milan, Italy
Department of Sociology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital, Tricase, Italy
Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD), Jena, Germany
School of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Neurology, University Hospital Center de Sao Joao, Porto, Portugal
Neurology Department, Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society, New Delhi, India
Department of Neurology, Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research, New Delhi, India
Neurology Unit, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, National University of Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
Internal Medicine Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biology, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, Messina University, Messina, Italy
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Pabna, Bangladesh
Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Estia Health Blakehurst, Estia Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Institute for Global Health Innovations, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Faculty of Medicine, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Administrative and Economic Sciences Department, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russian Federation
Department of Project Management, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Health Care Administration and Economics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russian Federation
Research & Development Department, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP), Albert Einstein Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, India
Gerontology, Dementia and Digital Health, Copenhagen, Denmark
Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States
Discipline of General Practice, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
Value and Access Program, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, United States
Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas, Fundación Valle del Lili (Clinical Research Center, Valle del Lili Foundation), Cali, Colombia
Centro PROESA, Universidad ICESI (ICESI University), Cali, Colombia
College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Department of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
University College London Hospitals, London, United Kingdom
Academic Public Health England, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
Department of Psychology, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
Maurizio Bufalini Hospital, Cesena, Italy
Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH), Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Internal Medicine Servcies, Ballarat Health Service, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Faculty of Health & Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
Department of Public Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States
Market Access, Bayer, Istanbul, Turkey
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, United States
Center for Biomedical Information Technology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, China
Karachi, Pakistan
Medical College, Kerala University of Health Sciences, Thrissur, India
Symbiosis Medical College for Women, Symbiosis International University, Pune, India
Perdana University, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Medicine, Perdana University, Kaula Lumpur, Malaysia
National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
Medicine Service, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Birmingham, AL, United States
Department No.16, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions, Moscow, Russian Federation
Therapeutic Department, Balashiha Central Hospital, Balashikha, Russian Federation
Institute for Leadership and Health Management, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russian Federation
Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
School of Computing Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
Carlos III Health Institute, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CiberSAM), Madrid, Spain
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX, United States
Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University, Geongju-si, South Korea
Modestum LTD, London, United Kingdom
Department of Health Economics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Clinical Cancer Research Center, Milad General Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Velez Sarsfield Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Raffles Neuroscience Centre, Raffles Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Department of Neurology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Research and Development Division, The George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, BC, Canada
Department of Oncology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, IL, United States
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Japan
Department of Public Health, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
Addictology Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation
Pediatrics Department, Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Moscow, Russian Federation

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Neurology
Department of Neurology
Zoonosis Research Center
Clinical Sciences Department
School of Mathematical Sciences
School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Geriatric and Long Term Care Department
Rumailah Hospital
Mayo Evidence-based Practice Center
Forensic Medicine Division
Department of Pharmacology
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
Health Management and Economics Research Center
Department of Health Economics
Student Research Committee
Iran University of Medical Sciences
College of Medicine
Ministry of Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Medical Students Research Committee
University Institute of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging Technology
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
University Institute of Public Health
School of Health and Society
Menzies Centre for Health Policy
Save Sight Institute
School of Public Health
Department of Psychiatry
CIBERSAM
National School of Public Health
Unit of Biochemistry
Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research
Department of Public & Environmental Health
Epidemiology and Disease Control Unit
Department of Psychiatry
Institute for Epidemiology and Social Medicine
Department of Psychiatry
Department of Neurology
Dijon Stroke Registry
University of Tasmania
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Psychiatry
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
One Health
Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
Neurovascular Imaging Laboratory
Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology
Department of Statistical and Computational Genomics
Department of Statistics
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Department of Neurology
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health and Primary Care
Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research
Research School of Population Health
Argentine Society of Medicine
Program in Physical Therapy
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Department of Chemical Sciences
Laboratory of Toxicology
Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV)
Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health
Department of Chemistry
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Psychiatry
School of Health Sciences
Clinical Epidemiology Program
School of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health
Department of Neurology
Center for Biomedicine and Community Health
School of Public Health
Graduate School of Medicine
Public Health Foundation of India
Indian Council of Medical Research
Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research
Department of Community Medicine
Center of Complexity Sciences
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics
School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Nursing
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Biomedical Informatics and Medical Statistics Department
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Pharmaceutics Research Center
Multiple Sclerosis Research Center
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Psychiatry
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Physiology
Tehran Medical Sciences Branch
Department of Microbiology
Department of Neurological Surgery
Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
Department of Psychology
Department of Internal Medicine
National Institute for Stroke and Applied Neurosciences
Third Department of Neurology
Research Center of Neurology
School of Population Health
National Institute of Environmental Health
Department of Neurobiology
Division of Neurology
Research Center on Public Health
Psychiatry Department
School of Health Sciences
Alzheimers Drug Discovery Foundation
Department of Geriatric Medicine
Department of Neurology and Public Health
Institute of Gerontological Health Services and Nursing Research
Department of Medicine
Global Evidence Synthesis Initiative
Department of Cardiovascular
Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology
Department of Epidemiology and Prevention
Department of Statistics and Econometrics
Health Systems and Policy Research
Department of Preventive Cardiology
Department of Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Clinical Medicine
Department of Social and Public Health
NYU Shanghai
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Medical School
Department of Neurology
Research &
Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Indonesia Maju (Indonesian Advanced College of Health Sciences)
Department of Zoology and Entomology
Department of Primary Care and Mental Health
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Pharmacy Administration and Clinical Pharmacy
Santa Clara
School of Business
College of Science and Engineering
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Research Center in Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine (EPIMED)
Department of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Epidemiology
Tabriz
Public Health Department of Social Medicine
Graduate School of Medicine
Department of Health Services Research
Research and Development Center for Health Services
Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology
Research and Development Unit
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Lerner Research Institute
Centre of Studies and Research
Department of Physiology
Department of Pharmacology
School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Ophthalmology
Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology
Sydney Eye Hospital
Quality Use of Medicines and Pharmacy Research Centre
School of Science and Technology
Department of Diagnostic &
Primary Care Department
Executive Board of the Health Ministers Council for the Gulf Cooperation Council States
Department of Public Health
Department of Genomics and Digital Health
Public Health Center
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine
School of Health Sciences
Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Nursing and Health Promotion
Department of Epidemiology and Public Health
Division of Psychology and Language Sciences
Department of Public Health
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM)
Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)
Department of Psychiatry
UO Neurologia
Department of Sociology
Department of Quantitative Health Science
School of Public Health
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Research in Neurology
Institute of Nutritional Sciences
Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD)
School of Medicine
Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences
Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Neurology
Neurology Department
Department of Neurology
Neurology Unit
Department of Medicine
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Biology
Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Mater Research Institute
Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry
Department of Biotechnology
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Estia Health Blakehurst
Institute for Global Health Innovations
Faculty of Medicine
Administrative and Economic Sciences Department
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization
Department of Project Management
Department of Health Care Administration and Economics
Research & Development Department
Department of Psychiatry
International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP)
Department of Development Studies
Gerontology
Shanghai Mental Health Center
Department of Psychiatry
Discipline of General Practice
Value and Access Program
Centro de Investigaciones Clinicas
Centro PROESA
College of Medicine
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development
Department of Cardiology
WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
University College London Hospitals
Academic Public Health England
Network of Immunity in Infection
Department of Psychology
Maurizio Bufalini Hospital
Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (GRCGH)
Internal Medicine Servcies
Applied Biomedical Research Center
Biotechnology Research Center
Faculty of Health & Social Sciences
Department of Public Health Sciences
Market Access
National Heart
Center for Biomedical Information Technology
Karachi
Medical College
Symbiosis Medical College for Women
Perdana University
National Institute of Infectious Diseases
College of Medicine
Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
Department of Physical Education
School of Medicine
Medicine Service
Department No.16
Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics
Therapeutic Department
Institute for Leadership and Health Management
Laboratory of Public Health Indicators Analysis and Health Digitalization
Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders Unit
School of Medicine
School of Computing Sciences
Department of Medicine
Carlos III Health Institute
Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
Department of Anatomy
Modestum LTD
Department of Health Economics
Clinical Cancer Research Center
Velez Sarsfield Hospital
Raffles Neuroscience Centre
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine
Department of Neurobiology
Institute of Health and Society
Department of Neurology
Adelaide Medical School
Research and Development Division
Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research
Department of Oncology
Department of Community Health Sciences
Department of Family Medicine and Community Health
Department of Neuropsychopharmacology
Department of Public Health
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
School of Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcomes Sciences
Duke Global Health Institute
Addictology Department
Pediatrics Department

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