Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
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8 March 2025Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2025#405Issue 10481813 - 838 pp.
Background: Overweight and obesity is a global epidemic. Forecasting future trajectories of the epidemic is crucial for providing an evidence base for policy change. In this study, we examine the historical trends of the global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity from 1990 to 2021 and forecast the future trajectories to 2050. Methods: Leveraging established methodology from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, we estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity among individuals aged 25 years and older by age and sex for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2050. Retrospective and current prevalence trends were derived based on both self-reported and measured anthropometric data extracted from 1350 unique sources, which include survey microdata and reports, as well as published literature. Specific adjustment was applied to correct for self-report bias. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression models were used to synthesise data, leveraging both spatial and temporal correlation in epidemiological trends, to optimise the comparability of results across time and geographies. To generate forecast estimates, we used forecasts of the Socio-demographic Index and temporal correlation patterns presented as annualised rate of change to inform future trajectories. We considered a reference scenario assuming the continuation of historical trends. Findings: Rates of overweight and obesity increased at the global and regional levels, and in all nations, between 1990 and 2021. In 2021, an estimated 1·00 billion (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 0·989–1·01) adult males and 1·11 billion (1·10–1·12) adult females had overweight and obesity. China had the largest population of adults with overweight and obesity (402 million [397–407] individuals), followed by India (180 million [167–194]) and the USA (172 million [169–174]). The highest age-standardised prevalence of overweight and obesity was observed in countries in Oceania and north Africa and the Middle East, with many of these countries reporting prevalence of more than 80% in adults. Compared with 1990, the global prevalence of obesity had increased by 155·1% (149·8–160·3) in males and 104·9% (95% UI 100·9–108·8) in females. The most rapid rise in obesity prevalence was observed in the north Africa and the Middle East super-region, where age-standardised prevalence rates in males more than tripled and in females more than doubled. Assuming the continuation of historical trends, by 2050, we forecast that the total number of adults living with overweight and obesity will reach 3·80 billion (95% UI 3·39–4·04), over half of the likely global adult population at that time. While China, India, and the USA will continue to constitute a large proportion of the global population with overweight and obesity, the number in the sub-Saharan Africa super-region is forecasted to increase by 254·8% (234·4–269·5). In Nigeria specifically, the number of adults with overweight and obesity is forecasted to rise to 141 million (121–162) by 2050, making it the country with the fourth-largest population with overweight and obesity. Interpretation: No country to date has successfully curbed the rising rates of adult overweight and obesity. Without immediate and effective intervention, overweight and obesity will continue to increase globally. Particularly in Asia and Africa, driven by growing populations, the number of individuals with overweight and obesity is forecast to rise substantially. These regions will face a considerable increase in obesity-related disease burden. Merely acknowledging obesity as a global health issue would be negligent on the part of global health and public health practitioners; more aggressive and targeted measures are required to address this crisis, as obesity is one of the foremost avertible risks to health now and in the future and poses an unparalleled threat of premature disease and death at local, national, and global levels. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Cardiovascular Metabolic Translational Research Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Department of Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement, Aleta Wondo General Hospital, Aleta Wondo, Ethiopia
Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Neuroscience, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesiology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Internal Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Internal Medicine Department, Tehran, Iran
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Food Technology Research, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Skull Base Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health, Tehran, Iran
Department of Immunology, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Health Management and Economics Research Center, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiology, Tehran, Iran
Endocrine Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Tehran, Iran
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tehran, Iran
Physiology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physiology, Tehran, Iran
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics, Tehran, Iran
Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Immunology, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Health Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
Midwifery Department, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department Nutrition and Dietetics, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Cardiovascular Research Center, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Cardiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Medicine, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Division of Global Health Equity, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Clinical Science Department, Lagos, Nigeria
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, Lagos, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Rumailah Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Research Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Institute of Community and Public Health, Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Family Medicine Department, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Nursing, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, United States
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Architecture, Design, and Planning, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
International Centre for Future Health Systems, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Translational Research Team, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Parasitology Unit, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India
Department of Public Health, Padjadjaran University (Universitas Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Life Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
School of Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Community Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Department of Family Medicine, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Department of Parasitology, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT), Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmacology, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
College of Applied Sciences, Almaarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Epidemiology, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Institute of Health Science, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Health Economics Unit, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
Institute of Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Medical Scientist Training Program, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
College of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Department of Surgery, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Engineering, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Physiology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
University Diabetes Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Information Science Department, Kuwait University, Sabah Alsalem University City, Kuwait
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc), Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI), Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Amman, Jordan
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
Department of Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Dental Public Health, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Jordan Medical Association, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University College of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
University Institute of Food Science and Technology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Physiotherapy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pathological Sciences, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (Icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (Icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
Spiritual Health Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing, African Population and Health Research Center, Nairobi, Kenya
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of General Medicine, Eastern Health, Box Hill, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Pharmacy, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Cardiology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Internal Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of General Surgery, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Malaysia
Regenerative Medicine, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Multi-disciplinary Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS), Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
Rural Health Research Institute, Charles Sturt University, Orange, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, Ateneo de Manila University, Pasig City, Philippines
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health, Department of Health Philippines, Manila, Philippines
Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Gastroenterology Department, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Faculty of Nursing, Surabaya, Indonesia
Division of Epidemiology, Universitas Airlangga (Airlangga University), Surabaya, Indonesia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), Rome, Italy
Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
School of Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Pharmacology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, Malvern, VIC, Australia
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR), Pakistan, Pakistan
Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Australian College of Applied Professions, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Forensic Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Department of Community Medicine, Lumbini Medical College, Palpa, Nepal
Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Health Sciences, Higher College of Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
School of Nursing and Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Biochemistry, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
School of Nursing, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Nutrition Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA), Tehran, Iran
Department of Surgery, Tehran, Iran
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran, Iran
Childrens Medical Center, Tehran, Iran
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Tehran, Iran
Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
Non- Communicable Diseases Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neurology, Tehran, Iran
Sina Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pathology, Tehran, Iran
Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Anesthesia, Cihan University-Sulaimaniya, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
ASIDE Healthcare, Lewes, DE, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Geriatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Population Health Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Population Interventions Unit, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Population Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science Nagpur, Nagpur, India
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
Clinical Research Center, Childrens Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
International Medical School, Management and Science University, Alam, Malaysia
Division of Biological Sciences, Tamil Nadu State Council for Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE), Anhembi Morumbi University, São José dos Campos, Brazi
Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Cardiovascular Metabolic Translational Research Program
Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health
Department of Surgery
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Applied Mathematics
School of Medicine
Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine
Department of Global Health
Department of Clinical Governance and Quality Improvement
Department of Legal and Economic Studies
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health
Department of Neuroscience
Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
Department of Orthopedic Surgery
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Anesthesiology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Biotechnology
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
Internal Medicine Department
Psychiatric Nursing and Management Department
Faculty of Medicine
Social Determinants of Health Research Center
Food Technology Research
Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
Skull Base Research Center
Research Center for Social Determinants of Health
Department of Immunology
Department of Medical Education
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Department of Epidemiology
Tropical Health Department
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Department of Physiotherapy
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
College of Pharmacy
Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences
Department of Medicinal Chemistry
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center
Health Management and Economics Research Center
School of Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology
Physiology Research Center
Department of Physiology
Center for Technology and Innovation in Cardiovascular Informatics
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
National Institute of Epidemiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Emergency Medicine
Department of Immunology
Department of Critical Care and Emergency Nursing
School of Health Sciences
Midwifery Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department Nutrition and Dietetics
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Population and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Cardiovascular Research Center
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery
Department of Medicine
Massachusetts General Hospital
Department of Radiology
Department of Pediatrics
Division of Cardiovascular Medicine
Division of Cardiology
Department of Neurosurgery
T. H. Chan School of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Health Policy and Oral Epidemiology
T.H. Chan School of Public Health
Division of Global Health Equity
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
Joslin Diabetes Center
Harvard Medical School
Department of Nursing
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Clinical Science Department
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department
Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics
Medical Research Center
Department of Surgery
Department of Geriatric and Long Term Care
Rumailah Hospital
Research Department
Institute of Community and Public Health
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Institute of Public Health
Family Medicine Department
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
College of Pharmacy
School of Nursing
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine
College of Medicine
College of Pharmacy
College of Graduate Health Sciences
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
School of Medicine and Health
School of Medicine
Stanford University
School of Medicine
School of Architecture
Concord Clinical School
Faculty of Medicine and Health
Centre for Social Research in Health
School of Population Health
International Centre for Future Health Systems
School of Risk and Actuarial Studies
Department of Immunology
Translational Research Team
Department of HIV and Infectious Diseases
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Microbiology
Department of Environmental and Occupational Health
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Parasitology Unit
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
College of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Apollo Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor
Department of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Life Sciences
School of Sciences
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Parasitology
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center
Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center (SPRINT)
Department of Public Health Sciences
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine
College of Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
College of Applied Sciences
Department of Biosciences
Department of Epidemiology
Institute of Health Science
College of Medicine and Public Health
Health Economics Unit
Department of Nursing and Health Sciences
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
College of Nursing
Brody School of Medicine
Institute of Global Health and Development
Department of Cardiology
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Medical Scientist Training Program
Department of Preventive Medicine
Department of Biology
College of Health and Sport Sciences
Department of Research and Development
Division of Public Health Sciences
Department of Surgery
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
School of Nursing
Department of Basic Sciences
Department of Basic Medical Sciences
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Engineering
Translational Health Research Institute
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice
Department of Community and Mental Health
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Bacteriology
Department of Cardiac Sciences
Department of Physiology
University Diabetes Center
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Information Science Department
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences (CIRBSc)
Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences
Department of Zoology
Department of Geography
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
School of Nursing
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
School of Public Health and Preventative Medicine
Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation (MCHRI)
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
College of Life Sciences
Amman
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Liver
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Rabigh Faculty of Medicine
Department of Dental Public Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Medicine
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Jordan Medical Association
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
University College of Medicine & Dentistry
University Institute of Food Science and Technology
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Faculty of Sciences
Faculty of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Pathological Sciences
College of Medicine
Center for Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research
Ajman University
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD)
Maternal and Child Health Division
Spiritual Health Research Center
Department of Maternal and Child Wellbeing
Department of Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of General Medicine
Faculty of Pharmacy
Department of Cardiology
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Anatomy and Embryology
Department of General Surgery
Department of Dermatology
Department of Diabetology
Department of Physiotherapy
School of Pharmacy
Regenerative Medicine
Pediatric Diseases Research Center
Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center
Caspian Digestive Disease Research Center
School of Chemical and Life Sciences (SCLS)
Rural Health Research Institute
School of Medicine and Public Health
Inter-Agency Committee on Environmental Health
Division of Gastroenterology
Division of Infectious Diseases
Gastroenterology Department
College of Pharmacy
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Faculty of Nursing
Division of Epidemiology
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Public Health
School of Public Health
Department of Cardiovascular
Department of Neurobiology
School of Health and Social Studies
Institute for Biomedical Problems
K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Pharmacology
Kasturba Medical College
Kasturba Medical College Manipal
Kasturba Medical College
Cabrini Research
Pioneer Journal of Biostatistics and Medical Research (PJBMR)
Deakin Health Economics/School of Health and Social Development
Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
School of Medicine and Public Health
Australian College of Applied Professions
Department of Forensic Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Al Farabi Kazakh National University
Department of Health Sciences
School of Nursing and Public Health
Institute of Public Health
Department of Biochemistry
School of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Nutrition Research Center
Department of Pathology
Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine
Trauma Research Center
Health Policy Research Center
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Department of Medicine
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS (IRCHA)
Department of Surgery
Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center
Cardiovascular Diseases Research Institute
Students Scientific Research Center (SSRC)
Childrens Medical Center
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Department of Cardiovascular Diseases
Digestive Diseases Research Institute
Non- Communicable Diseases Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Neurology
Sina Hospital
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences
Department of Pathology
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Department of Anesthesia
Department of Basic Sciences
College of Science
Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering
ASIDE Healthcare
Faculty of Medicine
Geriatric Unit
Centre for Adolescent Health
Population Health Theme
Department of Paediatrics
Population Interventions Unit
Department of Medicine
Department of Population Medicine
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
QU Health
Social and Economic Survey Research Institute
Department of Forensic Science
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University
Health Research Institute
Community Medicine
Clinical Research Center
International Medical School
Division of Biological Sciences
Center of Innovation
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