Multilevel Annotation Model for Detecting Fake News in Kazakh-Language Media
Nekessova A. Nazymkhan A. Sambetbayeva M. Darkhan Z.
2025Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc.
International Conference on Computer Science and Engineering, UBMK
2025Issue 202517 - 22 pp.
With the exponential growth of disinformation in digital media, especially in multilingual societies, there is an increasing need to develop formalized annotation models that can accurately reflect both the content and the pragmatic structure of fake news. The present study presents a multi-level annotation scheme focused on Kazakh language media content and aimed at improving the interpretability and automatibility of fake news detection processes. Unlike the dominant binary approaches (REAL/FAKE), the developed model includes nine key categories (including CLAIM, EVIDENCE, SOURCE, AUTHOR_INTENT, TARGET_AUDIENCE, etc.) and twenty-three subtypes reflecting manipulative techniques, authors motivations, and the typology of target audiences. The manually annotated corpus of 5,000 texts covers news reports in Kazakh and demonstrates high values of inter - editorial agreement (k = 0.72-0.89). The annotation methodology is implemented in Label Studio with a further formalized description of the semantic relationships between entities. The results of the study emphasize both the scientific novelty of the proposed scheme and its applied significance in the tasks of constructing explicable models in the field of media literacy, information security and linguistically adapted NLP.
corpus linguistics , disinformation , explicable AI , fake news , interannotational agreement , Kazakh language , semantic relations
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L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Zhangir Khan Agrarian Technical University, Uralsk, Kazakhstan
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Zhangir Khan Agrarian Technical University
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