The effect of average scores in reading, mathematics and science on innovation and income: A quantitative analysis for a group of countries
Naveed A. Zhuparova A. Ashfaq M. Rauf A.
September 2023Elsevier Ltd
Heliyon
2023#9Issue 9
The purpose of this paper is to The goal of this study is to empirically examine how innovation and income are affected by PISA scores—average scores in math, science, and reading. The specific objectives are threefold. First, we develop a conceptual model that describes the connection between income, innovation, and educational quality as determined by PISA scores. Second, we perform an empirical analysis to see if educational quality as assessed by the PISA scores has an impact on innovation.Third, we also test whether the PISA scores have a positive effect on income (GDP per capita). Using panel mode, we find that education quality has a significant and positive effect on innovation and income. Particularly high math test scores have been found to be an important subject that increases per capita income and innovation.
Average scores , Educational quality , Income , Innovation
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Department of Business Development and Technology, Aarhus University, Denmark
Wittenborg University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Business Development and Technology
Wittenborg University of Applied Sciences
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
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