Effect of pre-treatment conditions on the electrochemical performance of hard carbon derived from bio-waste

Mutiat O.M. Alpysbayev A. Abduakhitov D. Kudaibergenov K. Bakenov Z. Myung S.-T. Konarov A.
13 January 2025 Royal Society of Chemistry

RSC Advances
2025 #15 Issue 2 1105 - 1114 pp.

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) offer several advantages over traditional lithium-ion batteries, including a more uniform sodium distribution, lower-cost materials, and safer transportation options. A promising development in SIBs is the use of hard carbons as anode materials due to their low insertion voltage and larger interlayer spacing, which improve sodium-ion insertion. Traditionally, hard carbons are made from costly carbon sources, but recent advancements have focussed on using abundant bio-waste, like coffee grounds. This approach reduces costs and helps manage global waste. This research investigates the electrochemical performance of bio-waste-derived hard carbons, which is significantly impacted by various pre-treatment methods. Techniques such as BET, XRD, TEM, and XPS are employed to examine the effects of pre-treatment variables, including washing solvents (organic, acidic, or distilled water), pre-oxidation temperatures, and post-heating processes. These factors influence the structural properties and purity of the hard carbon, impacting its effectiveness as an anode material in SIBs. A significant finding is a mesoporous hard carbon produced from coffee grounds that, after washing with distilled water, pre-oxidation at 150 °C, and thermal treatment at 1300 °C in argon, shows a 23% yield, a reversible capacity of 304 mA h g⁻¹, and Initial coulombic efficiency of 78%. This study underscores the importance of pre-treatments in removing impurities and enhancing the materials sodium storage capabilities.

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Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Materials Science, Nanotechnology and Engineering Physics, Satbayev University, 22 Satbaev str., Almaty, 050013, Kazakhstan
Hybrid Materials Research Center, Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong Battery Institute, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea

Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
Department of Materials Science
Hybrid Materials Research Center

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