Carbon monoxide formation during the co-firing of coal and biomass waste fuels in a 10 kWth bubbling fluidized bed rig under oxy-fuel combustion conditions


Mukhambet Y. Ybray S. Shah D. Rojas-Solórzano L.R. Sarbassov Y.
1 March 2026Elsevier Ltd

Fuel
2026#407

Oxy-fuel conversion of solid fuels, including coal and biomass wastes, has gained considerable attention as a key carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology for achieving carbon neutrality and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study investigates CO formation during the co-firing of bituminous coal and pine wood in a 10 kWth bubbling fluidized bed (BFB) rig under air and oxy-fuel combustion atmospheres. The effect of the combustion atmosphere (air or oxy-fuel), oxygen concentration, bed temperature, and biomass blending ratio on combustion temperature profile and the CO formation were rigorously studied. The experimental results demonstrated that the combustion regime can transition rapidly during the coal and co-firing with biomass combustion process. Moreover, a stable operation in the bubbling fluidized bed can be achieved during the oxygen-enriched oxy-fuel environments with O2/CO2 of 30/70 % vol% or 40/60 %. The stable combustion state and optimal range of biomass blending ratio at 25 % lowered CO emissions to ∼880 ppm by enhancing complete carbon oxidation, while higher bed temperatures (950 °C) further decreased CO formation. Additionally, the limestone addition reduced SO2 emissions to ∼220 ppm by approximately 50 % through effective desulfurization under the stable combustion state. Key contributions include identifying optimal combustion conditions, elucidating CO formation mechanisms, and demonstrating in-situ SO2 capture, with implications for scaling up low carbon co-firing systems. Copyright

Carbon monoxide formation , Co-firing , Emissions , Fluidized bed , Oxy-fuel combustion

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Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan

Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering

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