Local Climate Zone Mapping by Integrating Hyperspectral and Multispectral Data with a Spectral–Spatial Fusion Network
Liu X. Russo L. Li W. Samat A. Ullo S.L. Gamba P.
March 2026Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Remote Sensing
2026#18Issue 5
Highlights: What are the main findings? Hyperspectral–multispectral fusion effectively enhances scene-level Local Climate Zone (LCZ) mapping in complex urban environments. The LCZ-HMSSNet improves the discrimination of structurally similar classes by integrated data fusion and spatial–spectral feature separation. What are the implications of the main findings? Hyperspectral–multispectral feature fusion provides a practical direction for improving LCZ mapping beyond scene-based multispectral approaches. The proposed framework serves as a reference for high-accuracy LCZ classification with limited labeled training data. Local Climate Zone (LCZ) classification provides a standardized framework for characterizing urban morphology and its climatic implications. However, most existing remote sensing-based LCZ mapping methods rely on pixel-level classification and multispectral data alone, which limits their ability to capture urban scene heterogeneity and to distinguish structurally similar LCZ classes. In this paper, we propose LCZ-HMSSNet, a deep learning framework for scene-level LCZ classification that integrates PRISMA hyperspectral images with Sentinel-2 multispectral data. The proposed approach exploits both the spectral richness of hyperspectral data and the spatial context provided by multispectral observations, and incorporates a spatial–spectral feature separation mechanism to enhance the discriminability of the fused representations. Experiments conducted across six representative European cities evaluate the proposed method from multiple perspectives, including comparisons with different classification models, data contribution analysis, and structural ablation studies. The results demonstrate that the proposed method consistently outperforms MSI-only and existing LCZ classification approaches, achieving an overall accuracy (OA) of 0.988 and a Kappa of 0.985. In addition, the small-sample experiments indicate the robustness and potential of the proposed model, providing a practical reference for future LCZ mapping in data-scarce scenarios.
hyperspectral image , Local Climate Zone (LCZ) , multispectral image , PRISMA , Sentinel-2 , urban climate
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Department of Electrical, Computer and Biomedical Engineering, University of Pavia, Pavia, 27100, Italy
State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, China
China-Kazakhstan Joint Laboratory for RS Technology and Application, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, Benevento, 82100, Italy
Department of Electrical
State Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands
China-Kazakhstan Joint Laboratory for RS Technology and Application
Department of Engineering
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