Widespread horse-based mobility arose around 2200 bce in Eurasia
Librado P. Tressières G. Chauvey L. Fages A. Khan N. Schiavinato S. Calvière-Tonasso L. Kusliy M.A. Gaunitz C. Liu X. Wagner S. Der Sarkissian C. Seguin-Orlando A. Perdereau A. Aury J.-M. Southon J. Shapiro B. Bouchez O. Donnadieu C. Collin Y.R.H. Gregersen K.M. Jessen M.D. Christensen K. Claudi-Hansen L. Pruvost M. Pucher E. Vulic H. Novak M. Rimpf A. Turk P. Reiter S. Brem G. Schwall C. Barrey É. Robert C. Degueurce C. Horwitz L.K. Klassen L. Rasmussen U. Kveiborg J. Johannsen N.N. Makowiecki D. Makarowicz P. Szeliga M. Ilchyshyn V. Rud V. Romaniszyn J. Mullin V.E. Verdugo M. Bradley D.G. Cardoso J.L. Valente M.J. Telles Antunes M. Ameen C. Thomas R. Ludwig A. Marzullo M. Prato O. Bagnasco Gianni G. Tecchiati U. Granado J. Schlumbaum A. Deschler-Erb S. Mráz M.S. Boulbes N. Gardeisen A. Mayer C. Döhle H.-J. Vicze M. Kosintsev P.A. Kyselý R. Peške L. O’Connor T. Ananyevskaya E. Shevnina I. Logvin A. Kovalev A.A. Iderkhangai T.-O. Sablin M.V. Dashkovskiy P.K. Graphodatsky A.S. Merts I. Merts V. Kasparov A.K. Pitulko V.V. Onar V. Öztan A. Arbuckle B.S. McColl H. Renaud G. Khaskhanov R. Demidenko S. Kadieva A. Atabiev B. Sundqvist M. Lindgren G. López-Cachero F.J. Albizuri S. Trbojević Vukičević T. Rapan Papeša A. Burić M. Rajić Šikanjić P. Weinstock J. Asensio Vilaró D. Codina F. García Dalmau C. Morer de Llorens J. Pou J. de Prado G. Sanmartí J. Kallala N. Torres J.R. Maraoui-Telmini B. Belarte Franco M.-C. Valenzuela-Lamas S. Zazzo A. Lepetz S. Duchesne S. Alexeev A. Bayarsaikhan J. Houle J.-L. Bayarkhuu N. Turbat T. Crubézy É. Shingiray I. Mashkour M. Berezina N.Y. Korobov D.S. Belinskiy A. Kalmykov A. Demoule J.-P. Reinhold S. Hansen S. Wallner B. Roslyakova N. Kuznetsov P.F. Tishkin A.A. Wincker P. Kanne K. Outram A. Orlando L.
25 July 2024Nature Research
Nature
2024#631Issue 8022819 - 825 pp.
Horses revolutionized human history with fast mobility1. However, the timeline between their domestication and their widespread integration as a means of transport remains contentious2–4. Here we assemble a collection of 475 ancient horse genomes to assess the period when these animals were first reshaped by human agency in Eurasia. We find that reproductive control of the modern domestic lineage emerged around 2200 bce, through close-kin mating and shortened generation times. Reproductive control emerged following a severe domestication bottleneck starting no earlier than approximately 2700 bce, and coincided with a sudden expansion across Eurasia that ultimately resulted in the replacement of nearly every local horse lineage. This expansion marked the rise of widespread horse-based mobility in human history, which refutes the commonly held narrative of large horse herds accompanying the massive migration of steppe peoples across Europe around 3000 bce and earlier3,5. Finally, we detect significantly shortened generation times at Botai around 3500 bce, a settlement from central Asia associated with corrals and a subsistence economy centred on horses6,7. This supports local horse husbandry before the rise of modern domestic bloodlines.
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Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, CNRS UMR 5288, Université Paul Sabatier, Faculté de Médecine Purpan, Toulouse, France
INRAE Division Ecology and Biodiversity (ECODIV), Plant Genomic Resources Center (CNRGV), Castanet Tolosan Cedex, France
Genoscope, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Évry, Université Paris-Saclay, Évry, France
Department of Earth System Science, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
INRAE, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, France
The Royal Danish Academy, Institute of Conservation, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department for Prehistory Middle Ages and Renaissance, National Museum of Denmark, Copenhagen K, Denmark
Museum Vestsjælland, Holbæk, Denmark
UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cédex, France
Museum of Natural History, Vienna, Austria
Vinkovci Municipal Museum, Vinkovci, Croatia
Centre for Applied Bioanthropology, Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Ilok Town Museum, Ilok, Croatia
Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA), Mainz, Germany
Department of Prehistory & amp; Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute (OeAI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Vienna, Austria
Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, INRAE GABI UMR1313, Jouy-en-Josas, France
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
National Natural History Collections, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Museum Østjylland, Grenaa, Denmark
Department of Archaeology, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation, Moesgaard Museum, Højbjerg, Denmark
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, Aarhus University, Højbjerg, Denmark
Institute of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
Faculty of Archaeology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
Institute of Archaeology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
Kremenetsko-Pochaivskii Derzhavnyi Istoriko-arkhitekturnyi Zapovidnik, Kremenets, Ukraine
Institute of Archaeology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
ICArEHB, Campus de Gambelas, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
Universidade Aberta, Lisbon, Portugal
Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património, Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Archaeology and History, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Department of Environmental Sciences, Integrative Prehistory and Archaeological Science, Basel University, Basel, Switzerland
Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Fondation Albert Ier, Paris/UMR 7194 HNHP, MNHN-CNRS-UPVD/EPCC Centre Européen de Recherche Préhistorique, Tautavel, France
Archéologie des Sociétés Méditeranéennes, Archimède IA-ANR-11-LABX-0032-01, CNRS UMR 5140, Université Paul Valéry, Montpellier, France
Department for Digitalization and Knowledge Transfer, Federal Monuments Authority Austria, Vienna, Austria
Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte, Halle (Saale), Germany
National Institute of Archaeology, Hungarian National Museum, Budapest, Hungary
Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Department of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
Independent researcher, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Akhmet Baitursynuly Kostanay Regional University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Innovation and Technology, Ulaanbaatar Science and Technology Park, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
Department of Russian Regional Studies, National and State-confessional Relations, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation
Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation
Institute of the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera), Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russian Federation
Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey
Archaeology Department, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CI RAS), Grozny, Russian Federation
Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
Department of Archaeological Monuments, State Historical Museum, Moscow, Russian Federation
Institute for Caucasus Archaeology, Nalchik, Russian Federation
Östra Greda Research Group, Borgholm, Sweden
Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB), Seminari d’Estudis i Recerques Prehistoriques (SERP-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Institute for Anthropological Research, Zagreb, Croatia
Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology), University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia, IAUB Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
C/Major, 20, Norfeu, Arqueologia Art i Patrimoni S.C., La Tallada d’Empordà, Spain
Mosaïques Archéologie, Espace d’activités de la Barthe, Cournonterral, France
Mon IberRocs SCL, Vilanova i la Geltrú (Barcelona), Spain
Ajuntament de Calafell, Calafell (Tarragona), Spain
Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya (MAC-Ullastret), Ullastret, Spain
IEC-Institut d’Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale), Barcelona, Spain
Departament d’Història i Arqueologia, Facultat de Geografia i Història, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Ecole Tunisienne d’Histoire et d’Anthropologie, Tunis, Tunisia
University of Tunis, Institut National du Patrimoine, Tunis, Tunisia
Consell Insular d’Eivissa, Eivissa, Spain
ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
ICAC (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology), Tarragona, Spain
Archaeology of Social Dynamics (ASD), Institució Milà i Fontanals, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
UNIARQ – Unidade de Arqueologia, Universidade de Lisboa, Alameda da Universidade, Lisboa, Portugal
Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (IHRISN), Yakutsk, Russian Federation
Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, Jena, Germany
Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Science, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, United States
Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
Faculty of History, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology section, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit, Stavropol, Russian Federation
UMR du CNRS 8215 Trajectoires, Institut d’Art et Archéologie, Paris, France
Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russian Federation
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC – Universitat Pompeu Fabra), Barcelona, Spain
Zoological institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
Taku Skan Skan Wasakliyapi: Global Institute for Traditional Sciences, Rapid City, SD, United States
Department of Health Technology, Section for Bioinformatics, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Copenhagen, Denmark
School of Archaeology, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
Centre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse
INRAE Division Ecology and Biodiversity (ECODIV)
Genoscope
Génomique Métabolique
Department of Earth System Science
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
INRAE
The Royal Danish Academy
Department for Prehistory Middle Ages and Renaissance
Museum Vestsjælland
UMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel: Culture
Museum of Natural History
Vinkovci Municipal Museum
Centre for Applied Bioanthropology
Ilok Town Museum
Narodni muzej Slovenije
Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics
Leibniz-Zentrum für Archäologie (LEIZA)
Department of Prehistory & amp; Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology
Université Paris-Saclay
Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort
National Natural History Collections
Museum Østjylland
Department of Archaeology
Department of Archaeological Science and Conservation
Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies
Institute of Archaeology
Faculty of Archaeology
Institute of Archaeology
Kremenetsko-Pochaivskii Derzhavnyi Istoriko-arkhitekturnyi Zapovidnik
Institute of Archaeology
Smurfit Institute of Genetics
ICArEHB
Universidade Aberta
Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais
Centre for Research on Science and Geological Engineering
Department of Archaeology and History
School of Archaeology and Ancient History
Department of Evolutionary Genetics
Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute
Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali
Department of Environmental Sciences
Institut de Paléontologie Humaine
Archéologie des Sociétés Méditeranéennes
Department for Digitalization and Knowledge Transfer
Landesamt für Denkmalpflege und Archäologie Sachsen-Anhalt – Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte
National Institute of Archaeology
Paleoecology Laboratory
Department of History of the Institute of Humanities
Department of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry
Independent researcher
Department of Archaeology
Department of Archaeology
Laboratory for Archaeological Research
Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation
Department of Innovation and Technology
Zoological Institute
Department of Russian Regional Studies
Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes
Toraighyrov University
Department of Archaeology
Institute of the History of Material Culture
Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
Osteoarchaeology Practice and Research Center and Department of Anatomy
Archaeology Department
Department of Anthropology
Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre
Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (CI RAS)
Institute of Archaeology
Department of Archaeological Monuments
Institute for Caucasus Archaeology
Östra Greda Research Group
Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics
Center for Animal Breeding and Genetics
Institut d’Arqueologia de la Universitat de Barcelona (IAUB)
Department of Anatomy
Department of Archaeology
Institute for Anthropological Research
Faculty of Arts and Humanities (Archaeology)
Secció de Prehistòria i Arqueologia
C/Major
Mosaïques Archéologie
Mon IberRocs SCL
Ajuntament de Calafell
Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya (MAC-Ullastret)
IEC-Institut d’Estudis Catalans (Union Académique Internationale)
Departament d’Història i Arqueologia
Ecole Tunisienne d’Histoire et d’Anthropologie
University of Tunis
Consell Insular d’Eivissa
ICREA
ICAC (Catalan Institute of Classical Archaeology)
Archaeology of Social Dynamics (ASD)
UNIARQ – Unidade de Arqueologia
Centre National de Recherche Scientifique
Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North (IHRISN)
Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology
Institute of Archaeology
Department of Folk Studies and Anthropology
Archaeological Research Center and Department of Anthropology and Archaeology
Faculty of History
Central Laboratory
Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology
Nasledie Cultural Heritage Unit
UMR du CNRS 8215 Trajectoires
Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute
Department of Russian History and Archaeology
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC – Universitat Pompeu Fabra)
Zoological institute
Department of Biotechnology
Taku Skan Skan Wasakliyapi: Global Institute for Traditional Sciences
Department of Health Technology
School of Archaeology
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