Global, regional, and national age-specific progress towards the 2020 milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Ledesma J.R. Ma J. Zhang M. Basting A.V.L. Chu H.T. Vongpradith A. Novotney A. LeGrand K.E. Xu Y.Y. Dai X. Nicholson S.I. Stafford L.K. Carter A. Ross J.M. Abbastabar H. Abdoun M. Abdulah D.M. Aboagye R.G. Abolhassani H. Abrha W.A. Abubaker Ali H. Abu-Gharbieh E. Aburuz S. Addo I.Y. Adepoju A.V. Adhikari K. Adnani Q.E.S. Adra S. Afework A. Aghamiri S. Agyemang-Duah W. Ahinkorah B.O. Ahmad D. Ahmad S. Ahmadzade A.M. Ahmed H. Ahmed M. Ahmed A. Akinosoglou K. Al-Ahdal T.M.A. Alam N. Albashtawy M. AlBataineh M.T. Al-Gheethi A.A.S. Ali A. Ali E.A. Ali L. Ali Z. Ali S.S.S. Allel K. Altaf A. Al-Tawfiq J.A. Alvis-Guzman N. Alvis-Zakzuk N.J. Amani R. Amusa G.A. Amzat J. Andrews J.R. Anil A. Anwer R. Aravkin A.Y. Areda D. Artamonov A.A. Aruleba R.T. Asemahagn M.A. Atre S.R. Aujayeb A. Azadi D. Azadnajafabad S. Azzam A.Y. Badar M. Badiye A.D. Bagherieh S. Bahadorikhalili S. Baig A.A. Banach M. Banik B. Bardhan M. Barqawi H.J. Basharat Z. Baskaran P. Basu S. Beiranvand M. Belete M.A. Belew M.A. Belgaumi U.I. Beloukas A. Bettencourt P.J.G. Bhagavathula A.S. Bhardwaj N. Bhardwaj P. Bhargava A. Bhat V. Bhatti J.S. Bhatti G.K. Bikbov B. Bitra V.R. Bjegovic-Mikanovic V. Buonsenso D. Burkart K. Bustanji Y. Butt Z.A. Camargos P. Cao Y. Carr S. Carvalho F. Cegolon L. Cenderadewi M. Cevik M. Chahine Y. Chattu V.K. Ching P.R. Chopra H. Chung E. Claassens M.M. Coberly K. Cruz-Martins N. Dabo B. Dadana S. Dadras O. Darban I. Gela J.D. Darwesh A.M. Dashti M. Demessa B.H. Demisse B. Demissie S. Derese A.M.A. Deribe K. Desai H.D. Devanbu V.G.C. Dhali A. Dhama K. Dhingra S. Do T.H.P. Dongarwar D. Dsouza H.L. Dube J. Dziedzic A.M. Ed-Dra A. Efendi F. Effendi D.E. Eftekharimehrabad A. Ekadinata N. Ekundayo T.C. Elhadi M. Elilo L.T. Emeto T.I. Bain L.E. Fagbamigbe A.F. Fahim A. Feizkhah A. Fetensa G. Fischer F. Gaipov A. Gandhi A.P. Gautam R.K. Gebregergis M.W. Gebrehiwot M. Gebrekidan K.G. Ghaffari K. Ghassemi F. Ghazy R.M. Goodridge A. Goyal A. Guan S.-Y. Gudeta M.D. Guled R.A. Gultom N.B. Gupta V.B. Gupta V.K. Gupta S. Hagins H. Hailu S.G. Hailu W.B. Hamidi S. Hanif A. Harapan H. Hasan R.S. Hassan S. Haubold J. Hezam K. Hong S.H. Horita N. Hossain M.B. Hosseinzadeh M. Hostiuc M. Hostiuc S. Huynh H.-H. Ibitoye S.E. Ikuta K.S. Ilic I.M. Ilic M.D. Islam M.R. Ismail N.E. Ismail F. Jafarzadeh A. Jakovljevic M. Jalili M. Janodia M.D. Jomehzadeh N. Jonas J.B. Joseph N. Joshua C.E. Kabir Z. Kamble B.D. Kanchan T. Kandel H. Kanmodi K.K. Kantar R.S. Karaye I.M. Behnagh A.K. Kassa G.G. Kaur R.J. Kaur N. Khajuria H. Khamesipour F. Khan Y.H. Nuruzzaman Khan M. Suheb M.Z.K. Khatab K. Khatami F. Kim M.S. Kosen S. Koul P.A. Laxminarayana S.L.K. Krishan K. Bicer B.K. Kuddus M.A. Kulimbet M. Kumar N. Lal D.K. Landires I. Latief K. Le T.D.T. Le T.T.T. Ledda C. Lee M. Lee S.W. Lerango T.L. Lim S.S. Liu C. Liu X. Lopukhov P.D. Luo H. Lv H. Mahajan P.B. Mahboobipour A.A. Majeed A. Rad E.M. Malhotra K. Malik M.S.A. Malinga L.A. Mallhi T.H. Manilal A. 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Varthya S.B. Wang Z. Warsame M.S.A. Westerman R. Wonde T.E. Yaghoubi S. Yi S. Yigit V. Yon D.K. Yonemoto N. Yu C. Zakham F. Zangiabadian M. Zeukeng F. Zhang H. Zhao Y. Zheng P. Zielinska M. Salomon J.A. Reiner R.C., Jr. Naghavi M. Vos T. Hay S.I. Murray C.J.L. Kyu H.H.
July 2024 Elsevier Ltd

The Lancet Infectious Diseases
2024 #24 Issue 7 698 - 725 pp.

Background: Global evaluations of the progress towards the WHO End TB Strategy 2020 interim milestones on mortality (35% reduction) and incidence (20% reduction) have not been age specific. We aimed to assess global, regional, and national-level burdens of and trends in tuberculosis and its risk factors across five separate age groups, from 1990 to 2021, and to report on age-specific progress between 2015 and 2020. Methods: We used the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021) analytical framework to compute age-specific tuberculosis mortality and incidence estimates for 204 countries and territories (1990–2021 inclusive). We quantified tuberculosis mortality among individuals without HIV co-infection using 22 603 site-years of vital registration data, 1718 site-years of verbal autopsy data, 825 site-years of sample-based vital registration data, 680 site-years of mortality surveillance data, and 9 site-years of minimally invasive tissue sample (MITS) diagnoses data as inputs into the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling platform. Age-specific HIV and tuberculosis deaths were established with a population attributable fraction approach. We analysed all available population-based data sources, including prevalence surveys, annual case notifications, tuberculin surveys, and tuberculosis mortality, in DisMod-MR 2.1 to produce internally consistent age-specific estimates of tuberculosis incidence, prevalence, and mortality. We also estimated age-specific tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection that is attributable to the independent and combined effects of three risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, and diabetes). As a secondary analysis, we examined the potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis mortality without HIV co-infection by comparing expected tuberculosis deaths, modelled with trends in tuberculosis deaths from 2015 to 2019 in vital registration data, with observed tuberculosis deaths in 2020 and 2021 for countries with available cause-specific mortality data. Findings: We estimated 9·40 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 8·36 to 10·5) tuberculosis incident cases and 1·35 million (1·23 to 1·52) deaths due to tuberculosis in 2021. At the global level, the all-age tuberculosis incidence rate declined by 6·26% (5·27 to 7·25) between 2015 and 2020 (the WHO End TB strategy evaluation period). 15 of 204 countries achieved a 20% decrease in all-age tuberculosis incidence between 2015 and 2020, eight of which were in western sub-Saharan Africa. When stratified by age, global tuberculosis incidence rates decreased by 16·5% (14·8 to 18·4) in children younger than 5 years, 16·2% (14·2 to 17·9) in those aged 5–14 years, 6·29% (5·05 to 7·70) in those aged 15–49 years, 5·72% (4·02 to 7·39) in those aged 50–69 years, and 8·48% (6·74 to 10·4) in those aged 70 years and older, from 2015 to 2020. Global tuberculosis deaths decreased by 11·9% (5·77 to 17·0) from 2015 to 2020. 17 countries attained a 35% reduction in deaths due to tuberculosis between 2015 and 2020, most of which were in eastern Europe (six countries) and central Europe (four countries). There was variable progress by age: a 35·3% (26·7 to 41·7) decrease in tuberculosis deaths in children younger than 5 years, a 29·5% (25·5 to 34·1) decrease in those aged 5–14 years, a 15·2% (10·0 to 20·2) decrease in those aged 15–49 years, a 7·97% (0·472 to 14·1) decrease in those aged 50–69 years, and a 3·29% (–5·56 to 9·07) decrease in those aged 70 years and older. Removing the combined effects of the three attributable risk factors would have reduced the number of all-age tuberculosis deaths from 1·39 million (1·28 to 1·54) to 1·00 million (0·703 to 1·23) in 2020, representing a 36·5% (21·5 to 54·8) reduction in tuberculosis deaths compared to those observed in 2015. 41 countries were included in our analysis of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tuberculosis deaths without HIV co-infection in 2020, and 20 countries were included in the analysis for 2021. In 2020, 50 900 (95% CI 49 700 to 52 400) deaths were expected across all ages, compared to an observed 45 500 deaths, corresponding to 5340 (4070 to 6920) fewer deaths; in 2021, 39 600 (38 300 to 41 100) deaths were expected across all ages compared to an observed 39 000 deaths, corresponding to 657 (–713 to 2180) fewer deaths. Interpretation: Despite accelerated progress in reducing the global burden of tuberculosis in the past decade, the world did not attain the first interim milestones of the WHO End TB Strategy in 2020. The pace of decline has been unequal with respect to age, with older adults (ie, those aged >50 years) having the slowest progress. As countries refine their national tuberculosis programmes and recalibrate for achieving the 2035 targets, they could consider learning from the strategies of countries that achieved the 2020 milestones, as well as consider targeted interventions to improve outcomes in older age groups. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Cardiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Center for Biostatistics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Ophthalmology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Adult Health Nursing, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aksum University, Aksum, Ethiopia
Department of Banking and Finance, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Information Technology, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Computer Science, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Quality and Systems Performance Unit, Cancer Institute NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department, Jhpiego, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Adolescent Research and Care, Adolescent Friendly Research Initiative and Care, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Chitwan Medical College & Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur, Nepal
Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
Department of Infection Prevention and Control, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
Department of Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Tracheal Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Geography and Planning, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Public Health Foundation of India, Gandhinagar, India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Medical Microbiology, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
School of Public Health, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Greece, Patras, Greece
Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Department of Public Health, Asian University for Women, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Asian University for Women, McGill University, Chittagong, Bangladesh
Community and Mental Health Department, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
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Department of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
Department of Pharmacy, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of SWAT, Swat, Pakistan
Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Institute for Global Health, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom
Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar), University College London, London, United Kingdom
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Medicine Department, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the), Barranquilla, Colombia
Research Group in Health Economics, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
Health Policy Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
Department of Sociology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Department of Sociology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
School of Public Health, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
Department of Pathology, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
College of Art and Science, Ottawa University, Surprise, AZ, United States
School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
Department of Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
School of Public Health, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune, Pune, India
Center for Clinical Global Health Education, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Department of Neurovascular Research, Nested Knowledge, Inc., Saint Paul, MN, United States
Faculty of Medicine, October 6 University, 6th of October City, Egypt
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Department of Forensic Science, Government Institute of Forensic Science, Nagpur, India
School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
NanoElectronics and Photonics Systems (MEPHOS), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
University Institute of Public Health, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Oral Biology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS), The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute, Lodz, Poland
Institute of Health and Wellbeing (IHW), Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Manna Institute, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, FL, United States
Alpha Genomics, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Academics, Indian Institute of Public Health, Gurgaon, India
Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep, University of Florida, Jacksonville, FL, United States
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Environmental Health, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Krishna Vishwa Vidyapeeth deemed to be University, Karad, India
Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Portugal, Rio de Mouro, Portugal
Department of Public Health, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, St. Johns National Academy of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
Medical Lab Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
Scientific-Tools.org, Bergamo, Italy
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
Institute of Social Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Centre School of Public Health and Management, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS (Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic), Roma, Italy
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
Global Health Research Institute, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Catholic University of Sacred), Roma, Italy
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
Al Shifa School of Public Health, Al Shifa Trust Eye Hospital, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Medical, Surgical & Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Public Health Unit, Trieste, Italy
The Biotechnology Centre, University of Yaoundé I, Yaounde, Cameroon
College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Townsville, QLD, Australia
James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Public Health Department, University of Mataram, Mataram, Indonesia
Department of Infection and Global Health Research, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Department of Microbiology, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha University, Chennai, India
Division of Infectious Diseases, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
Department of Biosciences, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Namibia, Windhoek, Namibia
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies, Cooperativa de Ensino Superior Politécnico e Universitário (Polytechnic and University Higher Education), Gandra, Portugal
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Department of Medical Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Internal Medicine, Cheyenne Regional Medical Center, Cheyenne, WY, United States
Department of Addiction Medicine, Haukland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Center for International Health (CIH), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Department of Public Health, Ambo University, Ambo, Ethiopia
Orthodontics Department, Georgia School of Orthodontics, Atlanta, GA, United States
USAID-JSI, Jimma University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Anatomy, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex, Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
School of Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Graduate Medical Education, Gujarat Adani Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhuj, India
Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Chennai, India
Department of GI Surgery, Institute of Post-Graduate Medical Education and Research, Seth Sukhlal Karnani Memorial Hospital, Kolkata, India
Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
Department of Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Viet Nam
Health Science Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Department of Internal Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada District, Karnataka State, Mangalore, India
Office of Institutional Analysis, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
Higher School of Technology, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
Advanced Nursing Department, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Biochemistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC), Baku, Azerbaijan
School of Nursing, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta, Bantul, Indonesia
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Faculty of Medicine, University of Tripoli, Tripoli, Libya
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, United Kingdom
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Health Promotion and Education, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
Department of Nursing, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Wollega University, Nekemte, Ethiopia
Institute of Public Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Charité Medical University), Berlin, Germany
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India
Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, Indore, India
Department of Midwifery, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
Department of Nursing, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
Department of Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran
Tropical Health Department, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas, Servicios de Alta Tecnología (Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology), City of Knowledge, Panama
Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medicla University, Hefei, China
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Harar, Ethiopia
College of Medicine and Health Science, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
Department of Public Health, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia
Claim and Utilization Management, Social Security Administrative Body for Health, Central Jakarta, Indonesia
School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Toxicology Department, Shriram Institute for Industrial Research, Delhi, India
Department of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
School of Health and Environmental Studies, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala (Syiah Kuala), Banda Aceh, Indonesia
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
Department of Microbiology, Taiz University, Taiz, Yemen
School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
Research Department, Electronic Medical Records for the Developing World, York, United Kingdom
Department of Pulmonology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
James P Grant School of Public Health, BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
Internal Medicine Department, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Department of Dermatology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
Clinical Legal Medicine Department, National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici, Bucharest, Romania
International Master Program for Translational Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Department of Global Health and Health Security, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
School of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
Division of Infectious Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Epidemiology, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice, Asian Institute of Medicine, Science and Technology, Kedah, Malaysia
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy, Puchong, Malaysia
Clinical Laboratory, Tobruk University, Tobruk, Libya
Blood Transmitted Diseases, National Center for Disease Control, Tobruk, Libya
Department of Immunology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Research Center for Hydatid Disease, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
Department of Immunology, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Institute of Comparative Economic Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Microbiology, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Nephrology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Community Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
Department of Microbiology, Abadan School of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Ophthalmology, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Department of Economics, National Open University, Benin City, Nigeria
School of Public Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
Department of Community Medicine, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Sydney Eye Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Office of the Executive Director, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme, Cephas Health Research Initiative Inc, Ibadan, Nigeria
The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Naba Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care, New York, NY, United States
Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery, Global Smile Foundation, Norwood, MA, United States
School of Health Professions and Human Services, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, United States
Department of Anesthesiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
Endocrine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Echocardiography, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Pediatrics, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of ENT, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar State Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS), Mohali, India
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Population Science Department, Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
Department of Critical Care Medicine, St. Lukes Aurora Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
College of Health, Wellbeing and Life Sciences, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
College of Arts and Sciences, Ohio University, Zanesville, OH, United States
Urology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine, Sheri Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, India
Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Udupi, India
Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
Department of Mathematics, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Department of Health Research, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Public Health Foundation of India, Gurugram, India
Unit of Genetics and Public Health, Institute of Medical Sciences, Las Tablas, Panama
Ministry of Health, Herrera, Panama
Centre for Family Welfare, University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Department of General Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Department of Medical Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea
Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, South Korea
Department of Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
School of Nursing and Midwifery, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Quantitative Health Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
Department of Epidemiology, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, China
Department of Community Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Karaikal, India
Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India
Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health, Pretoria, South Africa
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia
Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará, Campus Caucaia, Caucaia, Brazil
Department of Public Health, Management and Science University, Shah Alam, Malaysia
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General

Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Department of Global Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Applied Mathematics
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Cardiology
Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
University of Washington
Center for Biostatistics
Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Non-communicable Disease Research Center
Ophthalmology Department
Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy
Department of Pediatric Cardiology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Medicine
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Adult Health Nursing
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Banking and Finance
Department of Information Technology
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Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences
College of Medicine
Sharjah Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Therapeutics
College of Pharmacy
Centre for Social Research in Health
Quality and Systems Performance Unit
HIV and Infectious Diseases Department
Department of Adolescent Research and Care
Department of Community Medicine
Public Health Section
Faculty of Medicine
Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics
Department of Infection Prevention and Control
School of Public Health
Department of Biotechnology
Tracheal Diseases Research Center
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School of Medicine
Department of Geography and Planning
School of Public Health
School of Medicine and Psychology
Public Health Foundation of India
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
Department of Neuroscience
Applied Biomedical Research Center
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Department of Medical Microbiology
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Institute of Endemic Diseases
Unit of Basic Medical Sciences
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
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Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH)
Department of Public Health
Asian University for Women
Community and Mental Health Department
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
Department of Zoology
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Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Basic Medicine
Department of Pharmacy
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Department of Disease Control
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Institute for Global Health
Division of Surgery and Interventional Science (T Umar)
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology - Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Medicine Department
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
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National Health Observatory
Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology
Health Policy Research Center
Shiraz Neuroscience Research Center
Department of Medicine
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Department of Sociology
Division of Infectious Disease and Geographic Medicine
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Center for Health Policy & Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Anatomy
School of Public Health
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
Department of Surgical Oncology
All India Institute of Medical Sciences
Department of Pathology
College of Art and Science
School of Life Sciences
Department of Biophysics
East Carolina University
School of Public Health
Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College
Center for Clinical Global Health Education
Department of International Health
Northumbria HealthCare NHS Foundation Trust
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Department of Neurovascular Research
Faculty of Medicine
Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Department of Forensic Science
School of Medicine
NanoElectronics and Photonics Systems (MEPHOS)
University Institute of Public Health
Department of Oral Biology
Department of Pharmacy
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB)
Research Centre for Health Sciences (RCHS)
Department of Hypertension
Polish Mothers Memorial Hospital Research Institute
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Manna Institute
Miami Cancer Institute
Alpha Genomics
Department of Academics
Division of Pulmonary
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Environmental Health
Department of Nursing
Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Institute of Infection and Global Health
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine
Medical Lab Technology
Scientific-Tools.org
Faculty of Health Sciences
Institute of Social Medicine
Centre School of Public Health and Management
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
Global Health Research Institute
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
School of Public Health and Health Systems
Al Shifa School of Public Health
Department of Pediatrics
Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
School of Public Health
Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences (UCIBIO)
Institute for Research and Innovation in Health
Department of Medical
Public Health Unit
The Biotechnology Centre
College of Public Health
Department of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
James Cook University
Public Health Department
Department of Infection and Global Health Research
Regional Infectious Diseases Unit
Temerty Faculty of Medicine
Saveetha Dental College
Department of Microbiology
Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD)
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Biosciences
Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology
Department of Paediatrics and Child Health
Therapeutic and Diagnostic Technologies
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Medical Engineering
Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Addiction Medicine
Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care
Center for International Health (CIH)
Bergen Center for Ethics and Priority Setting (BCEPS)
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Public Health
Orthodontics Department
USAID-JSI
Department of Nursing
Department of Anatomy
Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex
School of Public Health
Graduate Medical Education
Department of Community Medicine
Department of GI Surgery
Division of Pathology
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Department of Medicine
Health Science Center
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Forensic Medicine and Toxicology Department
Office of Institutional Analysis
Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics
Higher School of Technology
Advanced Nursing Department
Research Center for Public Health and Nutrition
Department of Biochemistry
Azerbaijan State University of Economics (UNEC)
School of Nursing
Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Public Health
Lincoln International Institute for Rural Health
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Department of Health Promotion and Education
Research Centre for Healthcare and Community
Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology
Department of Nursing
Department of Public Health
Institute of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Pharmacology
Department of Midwifery
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Nursing
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Laboratory Sciences
Tropical Health Department
Tuberculosis Biomarker Research Unit
Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Program
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
College of Medicine and Health Science
Department of Public Health
Claim and Utilization Management
School of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine Health and Human Sciences
Toxicology Department
Department of Medicine
School of Health and Environmental Studies
Medical Research Unit
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology
Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Department of Microbiology
School of Medicine
Department of Pediatrics
Research Department
Department of Pulmonology
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
School of Population and Public Health
James P Grant School of Public Health
Institute of Research and Development
Internal Medicine Department
Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics
Department of Dermatology
Clinical Legal Medicine Department
International Master Program for Translational Science
Department of Global Health and Health Security
School of Public Health
Division of Infectious Diseases
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacy Practice
Malaysian Academy of Pharmacy
Clinical Laboratory
Blood Transmitted Diseases
Department of Immunology
Research Center for Hydatid Disease
Department of Immunology
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies
Institute of Comparative Economic Studies
Department of Microbiology
Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Nephrology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Microbiology
Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel
Department of Ophthalmology
Department of Economics
School of Public Health
Department of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Save Sight Institute
Department of Public Health
Sydney Eye Hospital
Faculty of Dentistry
Office of the Executive Director
Campaign for Health and Neck Cancer Education (CHANCE) Programme
The Hansjörg Wyss Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Department of Cleft Lip and Palate Surgery
School of Health Professions and Human Services
Department of Anesthesiology
Endocrine Research Center
Department of Echocardiography
Department of Pediatrics
Department of ENT
Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Population Science Department
Department of Critical Care Medicine
College of Health
College of Arts and Sciences
Urology Research Center
Cardiovascular Disease Initiative
Jakarta
Department of Internal and Pulmonary Medicine
Kasturba Medical College
Department of Anthropology
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Mathematics
Department of Population Science and Human Resource Development
Department of Health Research
Atchabarov Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Medicine
Public Health Foundation of India
Unit of Genetics and Public Health
Ministry of Health
Centre for Family Welfare
Department of General Medicine
University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
Department of Medical Science
Department of Precision Medicine
Department of Public Health
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Lerner Research Institute
Department of Quantitative Health Science
Department of Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Primary Care and Public Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Medical Microbiology
Department of Health Research
Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences
Department of Infectious Diseases
Federal Institute of Education
Department of Public Health
Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Orthopedic Surgery

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