Solid-Liquid Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Indonesian Wacopek Bauxite Tailings by the Sulfuric Acid Leaching and Precipitation Methods
Pengekstrakan Pepejal-Cecair Unsur Nadir Bumi daripada Amang Bauksit Wacopek Indonesia dengan Kaedah Larut Lesap Asid Sulfurik dan Pemendakan
Kusrini E. Muharam Y. Aulia M. Usman A. Prasetyo A.B. Sofyan N. Suyanti Dhaneswara D. Suwartha N. Ivo P. Aprilio F. Wilson L.D. Negim E.-S. Rahman A.
October 2025Penerbit Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Sains Malaysiana
2025#54Issue 102509 - 2523 pp.
The high demand of rare earth elements (REEs) and geopolitical issues affecting their supply. Thus, a number of research have been conducted to find some secondary resources for producing of REEs. The work is aimed to extract of total REEs (TREEs) from Indonesian Wacopek bauxite tailing by solid-liquid extraction using sulfuric acid with concentrations being 1.5 to 5 M and the precipitation methods. Leaching and enrichment of total REEs from the bauxite tailings employed sulfuric acid as the solvent, where precipitation occurred in two stages using sodium sulfate and sodium phosphate as well as leaching kinetic have been investigated. The final extracted REEs are in the forms of their hydroxides. The experimental was conducted in the batch system by varying leaching time (5 to 60 min) and temperature (25 to 60 °C). Metal separation from the leachate was carried out by a solid-liquid extraction in H2 SO4 at a liquid/solid (L/S) ratio of 20 mL/g, according to the optimal operating temperature at 60 °C, leaching time of 30 min, concentration of H2 SO4 of 3 M, leachate volume of 500 mL, and L/S ratio of 20 mL/g. In the total REEs precipitation process with subsequent NH4 OH-sodium sulfate and NH4 OH-sodium phosphate precipitant system yielded 0.23 g and 9.8 g of REEs-sulfate and REEs-phosphate, respectively. The final REE-hydroxides gave the maximum total REEs yield as high as 90.75%. Leaching kinetics study was described by the shrinking core model for unchanged spherical particle sizes, and acid leaching occurred in two steps that governed by chemical reaction and diffusion process. The activation energy in the first chemical process was characterized to be 10.1 kJ/mol and the second diffusion process was 15.5 kJ/mol. In this work, the solid-liquid extraction process used sulfuric acid to bind to the TREEs contained in the Wacopek dried bauxite tailing potential for further separation of TREEs.
Batch system , bauxite tailing , solid-liquid extraction , sulfuric acid leaching , total rare earth elements
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Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
Research Group of Green Product and Fine Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Product Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE1410, Brunei Darussalam
Research Center for Metallurgy, National Research and Innovation Agency, Puspitek Area,, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
Research Center for Mining Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Ir. Sutami KM. 15, Tanjung Bintang, Lampung, Lampung Selatan, 35361, Indonesia
Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus Baru UI, Depok, 16424, Indonesia
Research Center for Advanced Material, National Research and Innovation Agency, Serpong, KST B.J. Habibie Puspiptek, Setu, Banten, Tangerang Selatan, 15314, Indonesia
Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Room 156 Thorvaldson Building, Saskatoon, S7N 5C9, SK, Canada
School of Materials Science and Green Technologies, Kazakh British Technical University, St. Tole bi 59, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Universitas Negeri Jakarta, Rawamangun, East Jakarta, Indonesia
Department of Chemical Engineering
Research Group of Green Product and Fine Chemical Engineering
Department of Chemistry
Research Center for Metallurgy
Department of Metallurgical and Material Engineering
Research Center for Mining Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Research Center for Advanced Material
Department of Chemistry
School of Materials Science and Green Technologies
Department of Chemistry
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