Countering cyber attacks in the Republic of Kazakhstan: Interdisciplinary issues and legal frameworks in the context of social security and economic stability

Kubanova N. Nessipbayeva I. Dyussebaliyeva S. Halibati H. Adilgazy S.
2025 Lviv State University of Internal Affairs

Social and Legal Studios
2025 #8 Issue 1 179 - 194 pp.

The study aimed to develop theoretical and methodological foundations and practical recommendations for improving the system of countering cyberattacks, covering legal, technical and organisational mechanisms for ensuring cybersecurity. The study was based on a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach using systemic analysis, formal legal, comparative legal and descriptive statistics methods. The statistics analysis for 2020-2024 revealed a rapid increase in the number and complexity of cyberattacks. In 2024, 4,507 cases of malware were recorded, more than doubling year-on-year. The study confirmed that the small and medium-sized business segment was the most vulnerable: in the banking sector alone, in the second half of 2024, losses from cyberattacks totalled Kazakhstani tenge 1.5 billion, with 35% of attacks using social engineering techniques. An analysis of the structure of cyberattacks showed that 62% of the total number of cyberattacks were directed at the public sector, of which 28% targeted critical infrastructure. The study determined that about 70% of successful interventions are related to the human factor – insufficient staff qualifications and system configuration errors. Significant gaps in Kazakhstan’s cyber defence system are identified: lack of effective interagency coordination mechanisms, insufficient regulation of public-private partnerships, and inefficiency of the existing legal framework for regulating the liability of critical infrastructure operators. The author substantiated the need to create a single cyber defence coordination centre that will combine the efforts of the state monitoring system KZ-CERT and the industry system FinCERT and proposes economic mechanisms to stimulate investment in cyber security through a system of tax incentives and grant programmes. The peculiarities of the cybercrime investigation process were analysed, including the procedures for video recording of equipment seizure and the specifics of procedural registration of evidence. According to the General Prosecutor’s Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 2023, 476 criminal cases of cybercrime were brought to court, of which 312 resulted in guilty verdicts. The research findings formed a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between the legal, technical, and socio-economic aspects of cybersecurity and proved the need for systematic interaction between all stakeholders in countering cyber threats.

critical infrastructure , digital evidence , information systems , malware , public-private partnerships

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Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Makan Yesbulatov, 29 Utepov Str., Almaty, 050060, Kazakhstan
International Taraz University named after Sh. Murtaza, 69B Zheltoksan Str., Taraz, 080000, Kazakhstan
Atyrau University named after Halel Dosmukhamedov, 1 Studenchesky Ave., Atyrau, 060011, Kazakhstan
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
Narxoz University, 55 Zhandosov Str, Almaty, 050035, Kazakhstan

Almaty Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Makan Yesbulatov
International Taraz University named after Sh. Murtaza
Atyrau University named after Halel Dosmukhamedov
Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Narxoz University

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Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026