Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Central Asia and Predominant Beijing Lineage, Challenges in Diagnosis, Treatment Barriers, and Infection Control Strategies: An Integrative Review
Kozhamkulov U. Iglikova S. Rakisheva A. Almazan J.
July 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Antibiotics
2025#14Issue 7
Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) remains a significant public health threat in Central Asia, where rising resistance to first-line anti-TB drugs challenges control efforts. As of 2024, the World Health Organization (WHO) reports that over 2.5% of new TB cases and 18% of previously treated cases are resistant to first-line TB drugs worldwide. Objectives: This integrative review synthesizes current evidence on MDR-TB in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, with a focus on infection control, diagnostic advancements, and evolving treatment strategies. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across five electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, World Health Organization (WHO) Global Tuberculosis Database, and ClinicalTrials.gov. A total of 29 articles from Central Asian countries met the inclusion criteria. Results: Four main themes were identified: “genetic variability and resistance patterns of MDR-TB strains”; “barriers to effective treatment”; “diagnostic tools”, and “infection control strategies”. Conclusions: This review underscores the importance of comprehensive, multifactorial approaches in addressing drug-resistant TB in the region. The implementation of early diagnosis and all-oral treatment regimens has improved adherence in recent studies.
Beijing genotype , Central Asia , multidrug-resistant TB , tuberculosis , whole genome sequencing
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Center for Life Sciences, National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
National Scientific Center of Phthisiopulmonology of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Phthisiopulmonology, School of General Medicine, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Center for Life Sciences
National Scientific Center of Phthisiopulmonology of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Department of Phthisiopulmonology
Department of Medicine
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