The Implementation of Antimicrobial Consumption Surveillance and Stewardship in Human Healthcare in Post-Soviet States: A Systematic Review
Kosherova Z. Zhazykhbayeva D. Aimurziyeva A. Bayesheva D. Semenova Y.
August 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Antibiotics
2025#14Issue 8
Background/Objectives: Antimicrobial consumption (AMC) surveillance and antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) constitute effective strategies to combat the increasing antimicrobial resistance rates worldwide. Post-Soviet countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, the Russian Federation, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan) implemented various elements of AMC surveillance and AMS to different extents. The limited quantity and quality of data from post-Soviet countries make it difficult to assess health system performance; therefore, this region is a blind spot in global AMR monitoring. This systematic review assesses and characterises AMC surveillance and AMS implementation in post-Soviet countries. Methods: Evidence was compiled via a search in PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, CyberLeninka, and Scopus. The eligibility criteria included AMC surveillance- and AMS-related papers in human health within defined regions and timelines. Some literature from the official websites of international and national health organisations was included in the search. Results: As a result of the searches, screening, and critical appraisal, three peer-reviewed publications and 31 documents were selected for analysis. Eleven out of fifteen countries with updated national action plans for combating antimicrobial resistance have defined AMC surveillance and AMS as strategic objectives. All 15 examined countries submitted antimicrobial consumption data to international networks and reported the existence of approved laws and regulations on antibiotic sales. However, disparities exist in the complexity of monitoring systems and AMS implementation between high-income and low-income countries in the region. Conclusions: This review provides key insights into the existing AMC surveillance and AMS implementation in former Soviet countries. Although the approach of this review lacks quantitative comparability, it provides a comprehensive qualitative framework for national-level AMC surveillance and AMS system assessment.
anti-bacterial agents , anti-infective agents , antimicrobial stewardship , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belarus , drug utilisation , Estonia , Georgia , global health , humans , Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , Latvia , Lithuania , Moldova , public health , Russia , Tajikistan , Turkmenistan , Ukraine , Uzbekistan
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School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, NJSC “Astana Medical University”, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
School of Medicine
School of Sciences and Humanities
Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases
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