Gendered Self-Views Across 62 Countries: A Test of Competing Models

Kosakowska-Berezecka N. Bosson J.K. Jurek P. Besta T. Olech M. Vandello J.A. Bender M. Dandy J. Hoorens V. Jasinskaja-Lahti I. Mankowski E. Venäläinen S. Abuhamdeh S. Agyemang C.B. Akbaş G. Albayrak-Aydemir N. Ammirati S. Anderson J. Anjum G. Ariyanto A. Aruta J.J.B.R. Ashraf M. Bakaitytė A. Becker M. Bertolli C. Bërxulli D. Best D.L. Bi C. Block K. Boehnke M. Bongiorno R. Bosak J. Casini A. Chen Q. Chi P. Cubela Adoric V. Daalmans S. de Lemus S. Dhakal S. Dvorianchikov N. Egami S. Etchezahar E. Esteves C.S. Froehlich L. Garcia-Sanchez E. Gavreliuc A. Gavreliuc D. Gomez Á. Guizzo F. Graf S. Greijdanus H. Grigoryan A. Grzymała-Moszczyńska J. Guerch K. Gustafsson Sendén M. Hale M.-L. Hämer H. Hirai M. Hoang Duc L. Hřebíčková M. Hutchings P.B. Jensen D.H. Karabati S. Kelmendi K. Kengyel G. Khachatryan N. Ghazzawi R. Kinahan M. Kirby T.A. Kovacs M. Kozlowski D. Krivoshchekov V. Kryś K. Kulich C. Kurosawa T. Lac An N.T. Labarthe-Carrara J. Lauri M.A. Latu I. Lawal A.M. Li J. Lindner J. Lindqvist A. Maitner A.T. Makarova E. Makashvili A. Malayeri S. Malik S. Mancini T. Manzi C. Mari S. Martiny S.E. Mayer C.-H. Mihić V. MiloševićĐorđević J. Moreno-Bella E. Moscatelli S. Moynihan A.B. Muller D. Narhetali E. Neto F. Noels K.A. Nyúl B. O’Connor E.C. Ochoa D.P. Ohno S. Olanrewaju Adebayo S. Osborne R. Pacilli M.G. Palacio J. Patnaik S. Pavlopoulos V. de León P.P. Piterová I. Porto J.B. Puzio A. Pyrkosz-Pacyna J. Rentería Pérez E. Renström E. Rousseaux T. Ryan M.K. Safdar S. Sainz M. Salvati M. Samekin A. Schindler S. Sevincer A.T. Seydi M. Shepherd D. Sherbaji S. Schmader T. Simão C. Sobhie R. Sobiecki J. De Souza L. Sarter E. Sulejmanović D. Sullivan K.E. Tatsumi M. Tavitian-Elmadjian L. Thakur S.J. Thi Mong Chi Q. Torre B. Torres A. Torres C.V. Türkoğlu B. Ungaretti J. Valshtein T. Van Laar C. van der Noll J. Vasiutynskyi V. Vauclair C.-M. Vohra N. Walentynowicz M. Ward C. Włodarczyk A. Yang Y. Yzerbyt V. Zanello V. Zapata-Calvente A.L. Zawisza M. Žukauskienė R. Żadkowska M.
September 2023 SAGE Publications Inc.

Social Psychological and Personality Science
2023 #14 Issue 7 808 - 824 pp.

Social role theory posits that binary gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in less egalitarian countries, reflecting these countries’ more pronounced sex-based power divisions. Conversely, evolutionary and self-construal theorists suggest that gender gaps in agency and communion should be larger in more egalitarian countries, reflecting the greater autonomy support and flexible self-construction processes present in these countries. Using data from 62 countries (N = 28,640), we examine binary gender gaps in agentic and communal self-views as a function of country-level objective gender equality (the Global Gender Gap Index) and subjective distributions of social power (the Power Distance Index). Findings show that in more egalitarian countries, gender gaps in agency are smaller and gender gaps in communality are larger. These patterns are driven primarily by cross-country differences in men’s self-views and by the Power Distance Index (PDI) more robustly than the Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI). We consider possible causes and implications of these findings.

agency , binary sex differences , communality , egalitarianism , gender equality , self-views

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University of Gdańsk, Poland
University of South Florida, Tampa, United States
Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
Tilburg University, Netherlands
Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
University of Leuven, Belgium
University of Helsinki, Finland
Portland State University, OR, United States
Istanbul Sehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
Atilim University, Ankara, Turkey
School of Economics and Political Science, London, United Kingdom
The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
Université Grenoble Alpes, France
Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
University of Oslo, Norway
University of Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
De La Salle University, Manila, Philippines
Sunway University, Malaysia
University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania
CLLE, Université de Toulouse, France
University of Padova, Italy
University of Prishtina, Kosovo
Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
Southwest University, El Paso, TX, United States
University of Amsterdam, Netherlands
University of Bremen, Germany
University of Exeter, United Kingdom
Business School Dublin City University, Ireland
Université Catholique de Louvain, Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
University of Macau, China
University of Zadar, Croatia
Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
University of Granada, Spain
Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Russian Federation
Shiraume Gakuen University, Kodaira, Japan
University of Buenos Aires, Argentina
Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Católica Lisbon School of Business and Economics, Portugal
Fern Universität in Hagen, Germany
West University of Timisoara, Romania
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
University of Groningen, Netherlands
Yerevan State University, Armenia
Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Mohamed I University, Oujda, Morocco
Centre Régional des Mètiers de l’Education et de la Formation de l’Oriental, Oujda, Morocco
Stockholm University, Sweden
University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
University of Brasília, Brazil
Yokohama City University, Japan
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, United Kingdom
Aarhus University, Denmark
Istanbul Bilgi University, Turkey
Pazmany Peter Catholic University, Budapest, Hungary
Technological University Dublin, Ireland
Purde University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
University of Bern, Switzerland
Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
University of Geneva, Switzerland
Ibaraki Christian University, Hitachi, Japan
University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
Universidad Católica del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
University of Malta, Msida, Malta
Queen’s University Belfast, United Kingdom
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
University of Basel, Switzerland
Lund University, Sweden
American University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
University of Sargodha, Pakistan
University of Parma, Italy
Catholic University of Milan, Italy
University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy
UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
University of Johannesburg, South Africa
University of Novi Sad, Serbia
Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Córdoba, Spain
University of Bologna, Italy
University of Limerick, Ireland
Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia
Universidade do Porto, Portugal
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
Shirayuri University, Chofu, Japan
Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria
Texas State University, San Marcos, United States
University of Perugia, Italy
Universidad del Norte, Colombia, Barranquilla, Colombia
Xavier University of Bhubaneswar, India
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
Harvard University, United States
AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
University of Valle, Cali, Colombia
Kristianstad University, Sweden
The Australian National University, Australia
University of Guelph, ON, Canada
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
University of Verona, Italy
School of Liberal Arts, M. Narikbayev KAZGUU University, Astana, Kazakhstan
University of Kassel, Germany
University of Hamburg, Germany
Stellenbosch University, South Africa
University College London, United Kingdom
The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics, Portugal
Universiteit van Suriname, Paramaribo, Suriname
University of Bihac, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Osaka Metropolitan University, Japan
Haigazian University, Beirut, Lebanon
University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
New York University, United States
TED University, Turkey
National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, ISCTE-IUL, Portugal
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad, India
Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand
Universidad Católica del Norte, Antofagasta, Chile
Ningbo University, China
Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, United Kingdom

University of Gdańsk
University of South Florida
Medical University of Gdańsk
Tilburg University
Edith Cowan University
University of Leuven
University of Helsinki
Portland State University
Istanbul Sehir University
University of Ghana
Atilim University
School of Economics and Political Science
The Open University
Université Grenoble Alpes
Australian Catholic University
La Trobe University
University of Oslo
University of Indonesia
De La Salle University
Sunway University
University of the Punjab
Mykolas Romeris University
CLLE
University of Padova
University of Prishtina
Wake Forest University
Southwest University
University of Amsterdam
University of Bremen
University of Exeter
Business School Dublin City University
Université Catholique de Louvain
South China Normal University
University of Macau
University of Zadar
Radboud University
University of Granada
Tribhuvan University
Moscow State University of Psychology and Education
Shiraume Gakuen University
University of Buenos Aires
Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Fern Universität in Hagen
West University of Timisoara
Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia
University of Surrey
Czech Academy of Sciences
University of Groningen
Yerevan State University
Jagiellonian University
Mohamed I University
Centre Régional des Mètiers de l’Education et de la Formation de l’Oriental
Stockholm University
University of Luxembourg
University of Brasília
Yokohama City University
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
University of Wales Trinity Saint David
Aarhus University
Istanbul Bilgi University
Pazmany Peter Catholic University
Technological University Dublin
Purde University
Eötvös Loránd University
Southern Cross University
University of Bern
Institute of Psychology of the Polish Academy of Sciences
University of Geneva
Ibaraki Christian University
University of Social Sciences and Humanities
Universidad Católica del Uruguay
University of Malta
Queen’s University Belfast
Federal University Oye-Ekiti
Central China Normal University
University of Basel
Lund University
American University of Sharjah
Ilia State University
University of Sargodha
University of Parma
Catholic University of Milan
University of Milano-Bicocca
UiT The Arctic University of Norway
University of Johannesburg
University of Novi Sad
Singidunum University
University of Córdoba
University of Bologna
University of Limerick
Universitas Indonesia
Universidade do Porto
University of Alberta
University of the Philippines Diliman
Shirayuri University
Ekiti State University
Texas State University
University of Perugia
Universidad del Norte
Xavier University of Bhubaneswar
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Slovak Academy of Sciences
Harvard University
AGH University of Science and Technology
University of Valle
Kristianstad University
The Australian National University
University of Guelph
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
University of Verona
School of Liberal Arts
University of Kassel
University of Hamburg
Stellenbosch University
University College London
The University of British Columbia
Católica Lisbon School of Business & Economics
Universiteit van Suriname
University of Bihac
Osaka Metropolitan University
Haigazian University
University of Delhi
Federal University of Paraíba
New York University
TED University
National Academy of Educational Sciences of Ukraine
Instituto Universitário de Lisboa
Indian Institute of Management
Victoria University of Wellington
Universidad Católica del Norte
Ningbo University
Anglia Ruskin University

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