Regionally adaptive physical training for university students considering environmental and social disparities

Kondratenko S. Tuyakbaeva M. Madiyeva G. Arkabaeva S. Zhalel A. Shepetyuk N.
2025 Frontiers Media SA

Frontiers in Public Health
2025 #13

Airborne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are urban combustion by-products linked to endocrine disruption, but their direct molecular interactions with testosterone remain under-characterized. Using DFT [B3LYP/6–311 + G(d,p)] and 10-ns all-atom MD, we quantified non-covalent binding between benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene and testosterone, observing size-dependent stabilization (anthracene most favorable). Complementary MEP, Mulliken charge, and FMO analyses indicated progressive electronic coupling consistent with π–π and hydrophobic packing. In a semester-long controlled program with male university students (n = 60), we compared identical training conducted in a polluted urban area (PM_2.5 > 50 μg·m⁻³) vs. a suburban green zone (PM_2.5 < 10 μg·m⁻³) and observed larger gains in 100-m sprint, pull-ups, and standing long jump under cleaner air. We now report 95% confidence intervals alongside effect sizes for all field outcomes and provide a correlation between pollution intensity and performance change. PM_2.5 was used as an operational exposure index because combustion-related PAHs predominantly partition to fine particles and co-vary with PM₂.₅ mass in ambient air (WHO guideline context and PAH–PM₂.₅ literature). Collectively, the molecular and field evidence suggests larger PAHs may perturb testosterone function and that cleaner air is associated with better short-term training gains, informing air-quality-aware scheduling and campus policy. Copyright

air pollution , athletic performance , density functional theory , endocrine disruption , molecular dynamics , polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , student athletes , testosterone

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Department of Physical Education and Sports, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Physical Education and Sports, Kazakh National Agrarian Research University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Physical Education, Satbayev University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Physical Education and Sports, L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan

Department of Physical Education and Sports
Department of Physical Education and Sports
Department of Physical Education
Department of Physical Education and Sports

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