H2O2 and HAN Green Monopropellants—A State-of-the-Art Review on Their Recent Development, Corresponding Synthesized Catalysts, and Their Possible Use as Thrusters
Kasbi Y. Remissa I. Toshtay K. Mabrouk A. Bachar A. Azat S. Nosseir A.E.S. Tiwari A. Sabbar E.M. Amrousse R.
February 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Catalysts
2025#15Issue 2
This review provides a state-of-the-art and up-to-date analysis of the design and development of green monopropellant thrusters based on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl ammonium nitrate (HAN) as high-energy compounds for reaction control maneuvering of satellites. In summary, we introduce the new concept of Green Liquid Propellants (GLPs) that can serve as eco-friendly alternatives to conventional hydrazine thrusters. GLPs offer several advantages, including low toxicity, acceptable thermal decomposition and combustion behaviors, low onset temperatures of decomposition, stability, and long-term storability, compared to hydrazine. H2O2 exhibits a low onset temperature; however, its storability does not match that of hydrazine. On the other hand, HAN boasts excellent storability; however, it comes with a higher onset temperature when compared to hydrazine. This review provides critical insights into the recent advancements in H2O2 and HAN thrusters, along with an examination of the corresponding catalysts. The focus is on their application for the long-term maneuvering of satellites. We have chosen H2O2 and HAN formulations to focus on these two GLPs due to their extensive use by various space agencies worldwide. Moreover, the future directives of both selected green propellants were discussed for potential applications. Finally, the choice between H2O2 and HAN depends on the specific requirements of the propulsion system, taking into account factors such as performance, environmental impact, safety, and operational considerations. Each propellant has its advantages and challenges, and ongoing research aims to address some of the limitations associated with these green propellants.
conventional propellants , eco-friendly , H2O2 , HAN , hydrazine , low toxicity , monopropellants , reaction control system , thruster
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Faculty of Sciences, University of Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida 24000, Morocco
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan
School of Education and Training (ESEF-A), Ibnou Zohr University, Agadir, 80000, Morocco
Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibnou Zohr University, Ait Melloul, 80000, Morocco
Institute of Mining and Metallurgical, Satbayev University, Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
DIN Space Science and Technology, Department of Physics, University of Trento, Via Sommarive, 14, Povo, 38123, Italy
Institute of Mechanical Intelligence, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna di Pisa, Via Giuseppe Moruzzi, 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur Rajasthan 302017, India
Faculty of Sciences
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
School of Education and Training (ESEF-A)
Faculty of Applied Sciences
Institute of Mining and Metallurgical
DIN Space Science and Technology
Institute of Mechanical Intelligence
Department of Mechanical Engineering
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