Immune Modulation with Oral DNA/RNA Nanoparticles
Kart U. Raimbekova A. Yegorov S. Hortelano G.
May 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Pharmaceutics
2025#17Issue 5
The oral delivery of DNA/RNA nanoparticles represents a transformative approach in immunotherapy and vaccine development. These nanoparticles enable targeted immune modulation by delivering genetic material to specific cells in the gut-associated immune system, triggering both mucosal and systemic immune responses. Unlike parenteral administration, the oral route offers a unique immunological environment that supports both tolerance and activation, depending on the formulation design. This review explores the underlying mechanisms of immune modulation by DNA/RNA nanoparticles, their design and delivery strategies, and recent advances in their application. Emphasis is placed on strategies to overcome physiological barriers such as acidic pH, enzymatic degradation, mucus entrapment, and epithelial tight junctions. Special attention is given to the role of gut-associated lymphoid tissue in mediating immune responses and the therapeutic potential of these systems in oral vaccine platforms, food allergies, autoimmune diseases, and chronic inflammation. Despite challenges, recent advances in nanoparticle formulation support the translation of these technologies into clinical applications for both therapeutic immunomodulation and vaccination.
chitosan , DNA , drug delivery , immune response , LNP , nanoparticles , RNA
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Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Biology
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
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