The Development of Haymaking and Agriculture among the Kazakhs in the XVIII – early XX centuries
Развитие сенокошения и земледелия у казахов в XVIII – нач. XX вв.
Kabuldinov Z.Y. Abdulina A.T. Moryakova M.T. Dosymbetov N.A.
December 2023Cherkas Global University Press
Bylye Gody
2023#18Issue 41652 - 1662 pp.
The article examines the history of the development of agriculture on the territory of modern Kazakhstan in the XVIII – early XX centuries. In addition to the dominant cattle breeding on the territory of Kazakhstan since the Neolithic and Eneolithic, there was agriculture in Southern and Southeastern Kazakhstan, and then its development was continued in the Turkic era. A significant blow to agriculture was inflicted by the Mongol conquest. During the periods of the Mongolian and Kazakh Khanate, arrays of irrigated lands were preserved around the cities. The following stages can be distinguished in the development of agriculture on the territory of Kazakhstan: 1) XVIII century – the development of haymaking and agriculture as an auxiliary type of nomadic economy for some groups of Kazakhs in Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan; 2) late XVIII – first half of the XIX centuries – beginning of the process of transition of Kazakh pastoralists to haymaking and agriculture; 3) the second half of the XIX – early XX centuries – a significant expansion of the haymaking zone and agriculture in Kazakhstan in connection with peasant colonization while maintaining the dominant importance of cattle breeding in semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary forms. For most Kazakhs, agriculture was auxiliary in nature, complementing the main occupation – nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The main social strata of pastoralists and farmers were jataks (impoverished steppe dwellers). The main reasons for the Kazakhs transition to agriculture are the desire to keep ancestral lands, the reduction of pasture lands due to seizures and population growth in stable periods, the adoption of a sedentary lifestyle, agricultural labor skills from Russians, Uighurs, Dungans. Changes in the Kazakh farming system are the result of their adaptation to the changed conditions. A primitive fallow-shift farming became widespread due to the aridity of the climate, the salinity of the soil and the high level of flood and groundwater in the summer. There were two types of agriculture: irrigation, rain-fed. Copyright
agriculture , chigir , haymaking , irrigation , jataks , kyariz , rain-fed agriculture
Text of the article Перейти на текст статьи
Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Ch.Ch. Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology
10 лет помогаем публиковать статьи Международный издатель
Книга Публикация научной статьи Волощук 2026 Book Publication of a scientific article 2026