Biomass-Derived Nanoporous Carbon Honeycomb Monoliths for Environmental Lipopolysaccharide Adsorption from Aqueous Media
Jandosov J. Berillo D. Misra A. Alavijeh M. Chenchik D. Baimenov A. Bernardo M. Azat S. Mansurov Z. Silvestre-Albero J. Mikhalovsky S.
February 2025Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2025#26Issue 3
After undergoing biological treatment, wastewater still contains substances with endotoxic activity, such as lipopolysaccharide. However, due to the increasing practice of treating wastewater to make it suitable for drinking (potable reuse), the removal of these endotoxic active materials is crucial. These substances can be harmful to human health, leading to a condition called endotoxaemia. Furthermore, environmental endotoxins pose risks to pharmaceutical manufacturing processes and the quality of the final pharmaceutical products. Ultimately, the most significant concern lies with the patient, as exposure to such substances can have adverse effects on their health and well-being. Activated carbon has a proven efficiency for endotoxin removal; rice husk (RH), as a type of natural lignocellulosic agricultural waste, is a unique carbon precursor material in terms of its availability, large-scale world production (over 140 million tons annually), and is characterized by the presence of nanoscale silica phytoliths, which serve as a template to create additional meso/macropore space within the nanoscale range. High surface area RH/lignin-derived honeycomb monoliths were prepared in this study via extrusion, followed by carbonization and physical and chemical activation to develop additional pore space. The nanoporosity of the carbon honeycomb monoliths was established by means of low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies, using calculations based on QSDFT equilibrium and BJH models, as well as mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and SEM investigations. An alternative method for the elimination of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a conventional marker—using filtration in flowing recirculation systems and the adsorbent activity of the monoliths towards LPS was investigated. Since LPS expresses strong toxic effects even at very low concentrations, e.g., below 10 EU/mL, its removal even in minute amounts is essential. It was found that monoliths are able to eliminate biologically relevant LPS levels, e.g., adsorption removal within 5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of circulation reached the values of 49.8, 74.1, 85.4, 91.3%, and 91.6%, respectively.
adsorption , bacterial toxin , carbon honeycomb monolith , lignin , lipopolysaccharide , point-of-use water treatment system , rice husk , water purification
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Institute of Combustion Problems, 172 Bogenbay Batyr St., Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Department of Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering, Satbayev University, 22 Satbayev Ave., Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services, Fifth Floor, 167-169 Great Portland Street, London, W1W 5PF, United Kingdom
School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, AL, Hatfield, 10 9NE, United Kingdom
Institute of Physics and Technology, 11 Ibragimov St., Almaty, 050000, Kazakhstan
Laboratory of Engineering Profile, Satbayev University, Almaty, 050012, Kazakhstan
LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química (DQ), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados, Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, 03690, Spain
ANAMAD Ltd., Sussex Innovation Centre Science Park Square, Brighton, Falmer, BN1 9SB, United Kingdom
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 17 General Naumov Street, Kyiv, 03164, Ukraine
Institute of Combustion Problems
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology
Department of Chemistry and Biochemical Engineering
Pharmidex Pharmaceutical Services
School of Life and Medical Sciences
Institute of Physics and Technology
Laboratory of Engineering Profile
LAQV/REQUIMTE
Laboratorio de Materiales Avanzados
ANAMAD Ltd.
Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry
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