Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Cervicovaginal Mucus in Dairy Cow Health Monitoring
Jakupov I. Jiang Z. Shevtsov A. Yeszhanova G. Birimzhanova D. Abultdinova A. Mamytbekova G. Zabrodin A.
November-December 2025Unique Scientific Publishers
International Journal of Veterinary Science
2025#14Issue 61359 - 1367 pp.
Cervicovaginal mucus (CVM) is a hydrogel whose composition and consistency vary with the estrous cycle in cows. The current investigation was designed to study the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics and enzymatic composition of cervicovaginal mucus, as well as their diagnostic significance in diseases of the uterus in cows, and to determine a biomarker based on them. The study was conducted on Holstein-Friesian cows from dairy farms in North Kazakhstan, using cervicovaginal mucus collected from both clinically healthy animals and those with uterine diseases. The physicochemical properties of cervicovaginal mucus were studied using infrared spectroscopy, test strips, and qualitative reactions to enzymes. Analysis of the physicochemical and microbiological properties of cervicovaginal mucus in cows showed that using infrared spectroscopy, carboxyl (C=O), hydroxyl (O-H), and C-H bonds were detected, indicating the presence of mucin. The pH of mucus in clinically healthy cows was 0.85% higher than in sick cows, indicating a change in the acid-base balance associated with uterine pathologies. Metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA determined that potentially pathogenic bacteria, such as Trueperella (4.56%), Fusobacterium C (5.17%), and Helicococcus (5.22%), were detected in the microbiota of sick animals. The determination of peroxidase using benzidine and guaiacol samples did not reveal a statistically significant difference between the methods. However, the guaiacol test showed a greater number of positive reactions (81.3% vs 70%). This study showed significant changes in the physicochemical properties, microbiota, and enzymatic profile of cervicovaginal mucus, depending on the uterus condition. The identified biomarkers can be used as diagnostic indicators of inflammatory diseases of the reproductive system in cows.
Cervicovaginal mucus , Cow health , Enzyme activity , Infrared spectroscopy , Microbiota , Uterine pathology
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S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Xianyang, China
National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, Kazakhstan
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana, Kazakhstan
S. Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical Research University
Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University
National Center for Biotechnology
L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
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