Operational Analysis of Environmental Implications of Friction Materials Based on the Taguchi Approach

Jabbar N.A. Hussain I.Y. Tolephih M.H. Aljibori H.S.S. Abdullah O.I.
June 2025 Springer International Publishing

Operations Research Forum
2025 #6 Issue 2

Due to the wear of the automotive clutches and brakes, particle emissions contribute significantly to ambient air pollution. The primary sources of nonexhaust traffic-related emissions have been identified as brake and clutch wear, in addition to tire wear, road wear, and dust. The particle emission of several friction materials was experimentally assessed in this study. A pin-on-disc tribometer was developed to evaluate the negative environmental effects of different frictional materials under different working conditions. The Taguchi method (L9) was applied with three different factors (load, rotational speed, and type of material) and levels. The results presented the emission concentration, mass loss, and particle number for different frictional materials and configurations. The findings supported the existence of airborne friction particles subject to various loads and velocities. The G95 and the HCC frictional materials were found to be superior to the TIGER materials in terms of the wear and airborne particle emission ranges. Furthermore, the highest concentration, particle number, and wear level occurred at the high-speed tests for all frictional materials and vice versa. A pin-on-disc test rig was developed to determine the impact of the automobile clutches and brakes’ frictional materials on the environment, testing the G95, HCC, and Tiger under varied loads and velocities. Based on the results obtained from the developed device, the importance of accurate analysis of friction materials and the impact of these results on the environment and human health specifically has been demonstrated. This research serves as the basis for evaluating and determining critical values for particle quantities and emission concentrations during friction.

Dry clutch system , Emissions , Friction material , Pin-on-disc tribometer , Taguchi approach , Wear

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Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq
Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Al-Naji University, Baghdad, Iraq
College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, 56001, Iraq
Energy Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
College of Engineering, Al-Naji University, Baghdad, Iraq
Department of Mechanics, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, 050040, Kazakhstan

Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Engineering Department
Al-Naji University
College of Engineering
Energy Engineering Department
College of Engineering
Department of Mechanics

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