Small Modular Nuclear Power Reactors as a Driver of Development of Nuclear Technologies

Insepov Z. Lesbayev B.T. Tanirbergenova S. Alsar Z. Kalybay A.A. Mansurov Z.A.
November 2025 Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)

Energies
2025 #18 Issue 21

Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are becoming one of the key trends in the development of nuclear technology, offering a flexible, safe and cost-effective alternative to large nuclear power plants. This review defines the “driving force” of SMRs as their ability to enhance safety, modular scalability, and fuel sustainability through innovative design and policy integration. It aims to provide a systematic assessment of technological trends, deployment strategies, and fuel innovations that underpin the future of nuclear energy. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the main classes of SMRs, categorised by fuel type and application, ranging from Low-Enriched Uranium (LEU) and High-Assay Low-Enriched Uranium (HALEU) reactors to thorium-232, metallic fuel and reprocessed nuclear materials. The key technical advantages of SMRs are discussed—passive safety systems, extended fuel cycles (longer operational periods before refuelling compared to conventional reactors), modular production and compactness—which make such reactors particularly suitable for use in hard-to-reach regions, military facilities, in space and as part of hybrid power systems. Special attention is paid to the prospects of advanced fuel cycles, including the conversion of thorium to uranium-233 and the reuse of actinides, which contributes to waste reduction and supports the realisation of a closed nuclear cycle. The current status of SMR projects around the world is also analysed, highlighting the most promising solutions and discussing regulatory, infrastructure readiness and geopolitical factors.

closed fuel cycle , decentralised energy , HALEU , low-enriched uranium , metallic fuel , nuclear fuel recycling , nuclear innovation , passive safety , small modular reactors , thorium fuel cycle

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Nazarbayev University Research Administration, Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana, Z05H0P9, Kazakhstan
Institute of Combustion Problems, 172, Bogenbay Batyr Str., Almaty, A05B9B1, Kazakhstan
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, 71 Al-Farabi Ave., Almaty, A15E3B4, Kazakhstan

Nazarbayev University Research Administration
Institute of Combustion Problems
Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology

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