Clinical significance of human papillomavirus co-infection with sexually transmitted infections in the development of precancerous conditions of the cervix in women of reproductive age
Imankulova B.Zh. Kamzayeva N.K. Makhambetova S.B. Galym M.S. Abdiyeva Z.K. Baitas Y. Ukybassova T.M.
30 September 2025Kaz Med Print LLP
Reproductive Medicine (Central Asia)
2025#2025Issue 3180 - 189 pp.
Introduction: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the main cause of cervical cancer. Cervical-vaginal infection with pathogens such as bacterial vaginosis, mycoplasmosis, and vaginal candidiasis may be a cofactor. This study aimed to assess the impact of co-infection with human papillomavirus and sexually transmitted infections on the development of cervical precancerous conditions in reproductive-age women. Materials and Methods: In the study, 402 women had smears taken for cytological examination and cervical scrapings taken for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The samples were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction. Results: In the study, the incidence of STIs was 77.8%, with rates being two times lower in the HPV-positive group (33.9% vs 66.1% among HPV-negative women, p = 0.4). Notably, all women with mild and severe dysplasia had a combination of HPV and STIs. A typical combination was HPV 16, 58, and 33, often accompanied by Gardnerella vaginalis, cytomegalovirus, or Candida albicans. Conclusion: Women positive for HPV and STIs had abnormal Pap smears. Women with cervical precancerous lesions and vaginal infection were less likely to have HPV, except in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions. Women with high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions HPV were combined with Gardnerella, mycoplasmosis, and candidiasis.
dysplasia , genotype , human papillomavirus (HPV) , precancerous lesions of the cervix , sexually transmitted infection (STI)
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Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health, Corporate Fund University Medical Center,, Astana, Kazakhstan
General Clinical Laboratory, Diagnostic Center, University Medical Center Corporate Fund, Astana, Kazakhstan
Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Clinical Academic Department of Women’s Health
General Clinical Laboratory
Nazarbayev University School of Medicine
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