A virtual-structure-based type-3 fuzzy system for predictive sensor and actuator fault detection, compensation, and control in nonlinear systems
Hong X. Zhakiyev N. Yedilkhan D. Khani A. Mohammadzadeh A. Zhang C.
3 February 2026
Scientific reports
2026#16Issue 17153 pp.
This paper presents an active fault-tolerant control strategy for a class of nonlinear systems subject to both actuator and sensor faults. The system dynamics are assumed to be completely unknown, and only the measured outputs and the applied control inputs are used for system identification. Accordingly, the system is treated as a black-box model. The proposed control framework consists of three integrated subsystems. The first subsystem incorporates a Type-3 fuzzy logic system to model the unknown nonlinear dynamics, in conjunction with a model predictive controller and an adaptive stabilizing unit. The second subsystem is dedicated to sensor fault diagnosis and compensation, employing two Type-3 fuzzy estimators and a supervisory module that generates a corrective signal proportional to the magnitude of the actual sensor fault. The third subsystem constitutes a virtual structure composed of a virtual sensor, a virtual actuator, a Type-3 fuzzy identifier, a virtual model predictive controller, a virtual fault detection unit, an internal adaptive compensator, and a supervisory mechanism.
Actuator Fault , Lyapunov stability , Model predictive control , Sensor fault , Type-3 fuzzy logic system , Virtual structure
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Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, 322100, China
Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
School of Intellegent Systems, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Smart City Research Center, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, Astana IT University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Multidisciplinary Center for Infrastructure Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, China
Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction
Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies
School of Intellegent Systems
Smart City Research Center
School of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science
Multidisciplinary Center for Infrastructure Engineering
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