Burden of 375 diseases and injuries, risk-attributable burden of 88 risk factors, and healthy life expectancy in 204 countries and territories, including 660 subnational locations, 1990–2023: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023
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18 October 2025Elsevier B.V.
The Lancet
2025#406Issue 105131873 - 1922 pp.
Background For more than three decades, the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) has provided a framework to quantify health loss due to diseases, injuries, and associated risk factors. This paper presents GBD 2023 findings on disease and injury burden and risk-attributable health loss, offering a global audit of the state of world health to inform public health priorities. This work captures the evolving landscape of health metrics across age groups, sexes, and locations, while reflecting on the remaining post-COVID-19 challenges to achieving our collective global health ambitions. Methods The GBD 2023 combined analysis estimated years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 375 diseases and injuries, and risk-attributable burden associated with 88 modifiable risk factors. Of the more than 310 000 total data sources used for all GBD 2023 (about 30% of which were new to this estimation round), more than 120 000 sources were used for estimation of disease and injury burden and 59 000 for risk factor estimation, and included vital registration systems, surveys, disease registries, and published scientific literature. Data were analysed using previously established modelling approaches, such as disease modelling meta-regression version 2.1 (DisMod-MR 2.1) and comparative risk assessment methods. Diseases and injuries were categorised into four levels on the basis of the established GBD cause hierarchy, as were risk factors using the GBD risk hierarchy. Estimates stratified by age, sex, location, and year from 1990 to 2023 were focused on disease-specific time trends over the 2010–23 period and presented as counts (to three significant figures) and age-standardised rates per 100 000 person-years (to one decimal place). For each measure, 95% uncertainty intervals [UIs] were calculated with the 2·5th and 97·5th percentile ordered values from a 250-draw distribution. Findings Total numbers of global DALYs grew 6·1% (95% UI 4·0–8·1), from 2·64 billion (2·46–2·86) in 2010 to 2·80 billion (2·57–3·08) in 2023, but age-standardised DALY rates, which account for population growth and ageing, decreased by 12·6% (11·0–14·1), revealing large long-term health improvements. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) contributed 1·45 billion (1·31–1·61) global DALYs in 2010, increasing to 1·80 billion (1·63–2·03) in 2023, alongside a concurrent 4·1% (1·9–6·3) reduction in age-standardised rates. Based on DALY counts, the leading level 3 NCDs in 2023 were ischaemic heart disease (193 million [176–209] DALYs), stroke (157 million [141–172]), and diabetes (90·2 million [75·2–107]), with the largest increases in age-standardised rates since 2010 occurring for anxiety disorders (62·8% [34·0–107·5]), depressive disorders (26·3% [11·6–42·9]), and diabetes (14·9% [7·5–25·6]). Remarkable health gains were made for communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional (CMNN) diseases, with DALYs falling from 874 million (837–917) in 2010 to 681 million (642–736) in 2023, and a 25·8% (22·6–28·7) reduction in age-standardised DALY rates. During the COVID-19 pandemic, DALYs due to CMNN diseases rose but returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2023. From 2010 to 2023, decreases in age-standardised rates for CMNN diseases were led by rate decreases of 49·1% (32·7–61·0) for diarrhoeal diseases, 42·9% (38·0–48·0) for HIV/AIDS, and 42·2% (23·6–56·6) for tuberculosis. Neonatal disorders and lower respiratory infections remained the leading level 3 CMNN causes globally in 2023, although both showed notable rate decreases from 2010, declining by 16·5% (10·6–22·0) and 24·8% (7·4–36·7), respectively. Injury-related age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 15·6% (10·7–19·8) over the same period. Differences in burden due to NCDs, CMNN diseases, and injuries persisted across age, sex, time, and location. Based on our risk analysis, nearly 50% (1·27 billion [1·18–1·38]) of the roughly 2·80 billion total global DALYs in 2023 were attributable to the 88 risk factors analysed in GBD. Globally, the five level 3 risk factors contributing the highest proportion of risk-attributable DALYs were high systolic blood pressure (SBP), particulate matter pollution, high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), smoking, and low birthweight and short gestation—with high SBP accounting for 8·4% (6·9–10·0) of total DALYs. Of the three overarching level 1 GBD risk factor categories—behavioural, metabolic, and environmental and occupational—risk-attributable DALYs rose between 2010 and 2023 only for metabolic risks, increasing by 30·7% (24·8–37·3); however, age-standardised DALY rates attributable to metabolic risks decreased by 6·7% (2·0–11·0) over the same period. For all but three of the 25 leading level 3 risk factors, age-standardised rates dropped between 2010 and 2023—eg, declining by 54·4% (38·7–65·3) for unsafe sanitation, 50·5% (33·3–63·1) for unsafe water source, and 45·2% (25·6–72·0) for no access to handwashing facility, and by 44·9% (37·3–53·5) for child growth failure. The three leading level 3 risk factors for which age-standardised attributable DALY rates rose were high BMI (10·5% [0·1 to 20·9]), drug use (8·4% [2·6 to 15·3]), and high FPG (6·2% [–2·7 to 15·6]; non-significant). Interpretation Our findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of global health challenges. Since 2010, there have been large decreases in burden due to CMNN diseases and many environmental and behavioural risk factors, juxtaposed with sizeable increases in DALYs attributable to metabolic risk factors and NCDs in growing and ageing populations. This long-observed consequence of the global epidemiological transition was only temporarily interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. The substantially decreasing CMNN disease burden, despite the 2008 global financial crisis and pandemic-related disruptions, is one of the greatest collective public health successes known. However, these achievements are at risk of being reversed due to major cuts to development assistance for health globally, the effects of which will hit low-income countries with high burden the hardest. Without sustained investment in evidence-based interventions and policies, progress could stall or reverse, leading to widespread human costs and geopolitical instability. Moreover, the rising NCD burden necessitates intensified efforts to mitigate exposure to leading risk factors—eg, air pollution, smoking, and metabolic risks, such as high SBP, BMI, and FPG—including policies that promote food security, healthier diets, physical activity, and equitable and expanded access to potential treatments, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists. Decisive, coordinated action is needed to address long-standing yet growing health challenges, including depressive and anxiety disorders. Yet this can be only part of the solution. Our response to the NCD syndemic—the complex interaction of multiple health risks, social determinants, and systemic challenges—will define the future landscape of global health. To ensure human wellbeing, economic stability, and social equity, global action to sustain and advance health gains must prioritise reducing disparities by addressing socioeconomic and demographic determinants, ensuring equitable health-care access, tackling malnutrition, strengthening health systems, and improving vaccination coverage. We live in times of great opportunity. Funding Gates Foundation and Bloomberg Philanthropies.
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Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Wacol, QLD, Australia
School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Amity Institute of Public Health, Amity University, Uttar Pradesh, India
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Nursing, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
School of Health & Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria
Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Legal and Economic Studies, La Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science and Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong
Department of Internal Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Clinical Research Development Unit, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
Department of Biology, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health and Nutrition, Save the Children, Hargeisa, Somalia
School of Nursing, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Basic Science Department, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
Department of Surgery, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
Department of Medical Laboratory Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medicine, University of Setif Algeria, Sétif, Algeria
Department of Health, Sétif, Algeria
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Baxshin Hospital, Baxshin Research Center, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
National Institute of Epidemiology, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
Department of Population and Global Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Physiotherapy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria
Department of Research, Toufiks World Medical Association, Antonova, 10, Ukraine
Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy, Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
School of Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Postgraduate Department, University of Sierra Sur, Miahuatlan de Porfirio Diaz, Mexico
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Botany, Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur, Kozhikode, India
Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University School of Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Midwifery, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Internal Medicine, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Babcock University, Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria
Department of Family and Community Health, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Radiology, Harvard University, Boston, MA, United States
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
Basic Science Department, Preparatory Year, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Zoology Department, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Department of Anesthesiology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Community Health Nursing Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Graduate School of Public Health, St. Lukes International University, Tokyo, Japan
Division of Population Data Science, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Sokoto, Nigeria
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
Clinical Sciences Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Nursing, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Maternal and Child Health Nursing, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Medical Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Birzeit University, Ramallah, Palestine
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Pharmacy, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pharmacy, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Biochemistry, Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeswara University, Mysuru, India
Department of Restorative Dentistry, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Karnali Academy of Health Sciences, Jumla, Nepal
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Department of Clinical Medicine, American University of Antigua, Coolidge, Antigua and Barbuda
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, United States
Department of Human Anatomy, Federal University Dutse, Dutse, Nigeria
Department of Anatomy, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Centre for Social Research in Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Health Promotion, Education and Behavior, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Public Health, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
Department of Microbiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Osogbo, Nigeria
NMC Healthcare, Independent Consultant, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Sociology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
Graduate Program Division, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
Department of Pediatrics, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research, Johnson City, TN, United States
Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
Translational Research Team, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
Department of Family Medicine, Bowen University Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Department of Microbiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy, Slum and Rural Health Initiative, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Physiotherapy, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Educational Psychology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Physiology, University of Medical Sciences, Ondo, Ondo, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Bharatpur, Nepal
Public Health Section, Himalayan Environment and Public Health Network (HEPHN), Chitwan, Nepal
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor, Apollo Hospital, Chittoor, India
Department of Biology, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Department of Public Health, Universitas Padjadjaran (Padjadjaran University), Bandung, Indonesia
Department of Health Administration and Education, University of Education Winneba, Winneba, Ghana
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ho, Ghana
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Naples “Federico II” Naples, Italy
Department of Surgery, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
Technical Services Directorate, MSI Nigeria Reproductive Choices, Abuja, Nigeria
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Department of Community Medicine, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Public Health Institute, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Public Health, Wachemo University, Hossana, Ethiopia
Department of New Initiatives, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
College of Health Sciences and Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Ambala, India
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Boston Childrens Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
Department of Neurosurgery, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Urology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center, Klaipeda University, Klaipeda, Lithuania
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, Guarda, Portugal
Trivedi School of Biosciences, Ashoka University, Sonipat, India
Department of Public Health Sciences, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
Rajaie Trauma Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
College of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
School of Medicine and Psychology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, Canberra, NSW, Australia
Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan, National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan
World Health Organisation, Islamabad, Pakistan
Department of Research, King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Health Informatics, Qassim University, Buraidha, Saudi Arabia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
Department of Pharmacy Practice, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University, Peshawar, Pakistan
Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Department of Community Health Sciences, Sohail University, Karachi, Pakistan
College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Neuroscience, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
Urology Department, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Department of Womens and Childrens Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Medical Laboratory Science Department, University of Human Development, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangalore, India
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
College of Nursing, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Duhok, Duhok, Iraq
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
Faculty of Public Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
Department of Medicine, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Department of Psychology, University of Chittagong, Chattogram, Bangladesh
Department of Public Health Epidemiology, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia
Menelik II Medical and Health Science College, EpiMetrics, Inc., Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
School of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Clinical Academic Department of Womens Health, NU Medicine, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil, Iraq
Bowen University Hospital, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
St George and Sutherland Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Water Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
Oxford Vaccine Group, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, United States
Department of Internal Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University General Hospital of Patras, Patras, Greece
Department of Cardiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Management, Policy, and Community Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Department of Infection Prevention & Control, Baylor Scott & White Health, Frisco, TX, United States
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
Department of Communicable Diseases, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
Middle East, Eurasia, and Africa Influenza Stakeholders Network, Muscat, Oman
Division of Public Health Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Fundamentals and Administration Department, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Internal Medicine, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
Department of General Education, Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, Jordan
School of Pharmacy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Department of Adult Health and Critical Care, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
School of Public Health, University of Texas, Houston, TX, United States
The University of Jordan School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
Department of Biology, University of Bahrain, Zallaq, Bahrain
Department of Research and Development, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
Clinical Epidemiology Center, US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), St. Louis, MO, United States
Murdoch Business School, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
Preventive Dentistry Department, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
School of Nursing, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
School of Nursing and Midwifery, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Woldia University, Woldia, Ethiopia
Department of Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Health Information Management and Technology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Al-Ayen Iraqi University, Thi-Qar, Iraq
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, University of Science and Technology, Sanaa, Yemen
Faculty of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
Department of Community and Mental Health, Al Al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
Department of Internal Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, United States
Heart Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
General Directorate of Research and Studies, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
Department of Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Curtin School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
Department of Health Systems and Policy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
Department of Public Health, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Africa Center of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety, Minna, Nigeria
Epidemiology and Population Health Department, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit, British Columbia Childrens Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
College of Nursing, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Health Economics Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Faculty of Applied Health Sciences (Physiotherapy), Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
Faculty of Dentistry, Ibn Al-Nafis University for Medical Sciences, Sanaa, Yemen
College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
Information Science Department, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Dasman, Kuwait
Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
Department of Biotechnology, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
School of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Pharmacy, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy), University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
The Nethersole School of Nursing, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Charbagh, Pakistan
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Swat, Swat, Pakistan
Biomedical Engineering Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
Department of Geography, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Department of Nuclear Medicine, King Hussein Cancer Center, Amman, Jordan
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano (University of Milan), Milan, Italy
Cystic Fibrosis Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
The School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University Australia, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Biomedical Physics Group, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
Department of Medical Laboratories, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
School of Physics, Mathematics and Computing, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC), ENSTA Bretagne, Brest, France
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, National University of Malaysia, Bandar Tun Razak, Malaysia
College of Life Sciences, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC), University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
Cardiovascular Division, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, United States
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Faculty of Nursing, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Department of Cardiology, Heart, Vascular, and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Independent Consultant, Amman, Jordan
Rehabilitation Sciences Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Medicine, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
Department of Parasitology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Department of Parasitology, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Urology, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
Ophthalmology Department, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
Nursing Faculty, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
School of Public Health, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Faculty of Nursing, Zarqa University, Zarqa, Jordan
Department of Respiratory Care, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Liver, Digestive, and Lifestyle Health Research Section, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
American University of the Middle East, Egaila, Kuwait
Surgical Research Section, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Nursing, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department, Ministry of Finance, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Department of Surgery, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait
Department of Emergency Medicine, Sanaa University, Sanaa, Yemen
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Basic Sciences, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
Health Science Division, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Faculty of Health Sciences, Equator University of Science and Technology, Masaka, Uganda, Uganda
Research, Policy, and Training Directorate, Jordan Center for Disease Control, Amman, Jordan
Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
Department of Respiratory Therapy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Respiratory Therapy Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cadiz, Cadiz, Spain
School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
Research Group in Health Economics, Universidad de Cartagena (University of Cartagena), Cartagena, Colombia
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
Department of Economic Sciences, Universidad de la Costa (University of the Coast), Barranquilla, Colombia
National Health Observatory, National Institute of Health, Bogota, Colombia
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Department of Medical Sciences, Azal University for Human Development, Sanaa, Yemen
Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
Department of Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
Institute of Public Health, United Arab Emirates University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Department of Physiotherapy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
Evaluation Unit, Global Alliance for Vaccin
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
Department of Health Metrics Sciences
Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research
School of Public Health
Amity Institute of Public Health
Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
Department of Nursing
Department of Radiation Oncology
School of Health & Life Sciences
Department of Medical Rehabilitation
Public Health
Department of Legal and Economic Studies
Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Clinical Research Development Unit
Non-communicable Diseases Research Center
Department of Epidemiology
College of Pharmacy
Hull York Medical School
Department of Biology
Department of Health and Nutrition
School of Nursing
College of Pharmacy
Basic Science Department
Chemistry Department
Department of Surgery
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine
Department of Medical Laboratory Science
Department of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Stanford Cancer Institute
The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS)
School of Pharmacy
Department of Medicine
Department of Health
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Komar University of Science and Technology
Baxshin Hospital
Community and Maternity Nursing Unit
National Institute of Epidemiology
Department of Population and Global Health
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Research
Department of General Surgery and Clinical Anatomy
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Neurosurgery
Keck School of Medicine
Department of Emergency Medicine
School of Pharmacy
Postgraduate Department
Yhteiskuntadatatieteen keskus (Centre for Social Data Science)
Department of Botany
Nuffield Department of Population Health
National Heart Foundation Hospital and Research Institute
Department of Biomedical Sciences
Department of Midwifery
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Family and Community Health
School of Population Health
Cardiovascular Research Center
Department of Radiology
Research Center for Immunodeficiencies
Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics
Department of Sport
Basic Science Department
Zoology Department
Department of Physical Pharmacy and Pharmacokinetics
Department of Cardiovascular Disease
Department of Pediatric Dentistry
Department of Anesthesiology
Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics Department
Community Health Nursing Department
Graduate School of Public Health
Division of Population Data Science
Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
Nigerian Institute of Medical Research
Clinical Sciences Department
Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Nursing
Maternal and Child Health Nursing
Department Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics
Medical Research Center
College of Health Sciences
Birzeit University
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
College of Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Biochemistry
Department of Restorative Dentistry
Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Clinical Medicine
FIU Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work
Department of Emergency and Critical Care Nursing
Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology
Stanford University
Department of Human Anatomy
Department of Anatomy
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
School of Medicine
Centre for Social Research in Health
Department of Health Promotion
Department of Public Health
Department of Microbiology
NMC Healthcare
Department of Sociology
School of Basic and Biomedical Sciences
Department of Immunology
Graduate Program Division
Department of Medical Rehabilitation
Department of Pediatrics
Center for Cardiovascular Risk Research
Menzies School of Health Research
Translational Research Team
Melanoma Institute Australia
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Family Medicine
Department of Microbiology
Slum and Rural Health Initiative Research Academy
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Educational Counselling and Developmental Psychology
Department of Educational Psychology
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Department of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Physiology
Department of Community Medicine
Public Health Section
Department of Fisheries and Marine Bioscience
Research School of Population Health
Apollo Institute Of Medical Sciences & Research Chittoor
Department of Biology
Department of Public Health
Department of Health Administration and Education
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities
School of Public Health
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
Department of Surgery
Technical Services Directorate
Department of Epidemiology and Medical Statistics
Department of Community Medicine
Department of Public Health
Department of Public Health
Department of New Initiatives
College of Health Sciences and Medicine
MM College of Pharmacy
Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine
Department of Neurosurgery
Neuroscience Research Center
Urology Research Center
Health Research and Innovation Sciences Center
SPRINT Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center
Trivedi School of Biosciences
Department of Public Health Sciences
Rajaie Trauma Research Center
School of Public Health
College of Medicine
School of Medicine and Psychology
Health Research Institute
Biological Production Unit National Institute of Health Islamabad Pakistan
World Health Organisation
Department of Research
Department of Health Informatics
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Pharmacy Practice
Department of Health and Biological Sciences
Department of Natural Sciences
School of Public Health
Department of Community Health Sciences
College of Medicine
School of Medicine
Department of Neuroscience
Urology Department
Department of Veterinary Microbiology
Maternal and Child Health Division (MCHD)
Department of Womens and Childrens Health
Institute of Endemic Diseases
Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
Medical Laboratory Science Department
Department of Biosciences
Manipal College of Dental Sciences
Institute of Public Health
College of Nursing
Department of Pathology and Microbiology
College of Medicine and Public Health
Faculty of Public Health
Department of Medicine
Department of Psychology
Department of Public Health Epidemiology
Menelik II Medical and Health Science College
School of Medicine
Clinical Academic Department of Womens Health
Department of Medical Laboratory Technology
Bowen University Hospital
National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute
St George and Sutherland Clinical School
Department of Water Engineering
Oxford Vaccine Group
Department of Physiology
School of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases
Department of Cardiology
Department of Management
Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences
Department of Infection Prevention & Control
Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine
Feinberg School of Medicine
Centre for Academic Primary Care
College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research
Department of Communicable Diseases
Middle East
Division of Public Health Sciences
Fundamentals and Administration Department
Al Al-Bayt University
Department of Internal Medicine
Department of General Education
Faculty of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Department of Adult Health and Critical Care
School of Public Health
The University of Jordan School of Medicine
Department of Rehabilitation
Department of Epidemiology
Department of Biology
Department of Research and Development
Clinical Epidemiology Center
Murdoch Business School
Department of Bioengineering
Preventive Dentistry Department
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
School of Nursing
School of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Nursing and Midwifery
Department of Surgery
Department of Health Information Management and Technology
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Medicine
Department of Community and Mental Health
Department of Internal Medicine
Division of Pediatric Cardiology
Heart Center
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
General Directorate of Research and Studies
Institute of Health Informatics
Department of Health
College of Pharmacy
School of Pharmacy
Curtin School of Population Health
Department of Health Systems and Policy
Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
Department of Public Health
Department of Bacteriology
Department of Family and Community Medicine
Global Centre for Environmental Remediation
Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Department of Cardiac Sciences
Africa Center of Excellence for Mycotoxin and Food Safety
Epidemiology and Population Health Department
British Columbia Injury Research Prevention Unit
College of Nursing
Department of Health Services and Hospital Administration
Health Economics Research Group
Faculty of Applied Health Sciences (Physiotherapy)
Faculty of Dentistry
College of Applied Medical Sciences
Information Science Department
Health Informatics Unit and Geohealth Lab
Department of Zoology
Department of Biotechnology
Department of Statistics and Operations Research
School of Food and Agricultural Sciences
Department of Pharmacy
Department of Medical Rehabilitation (Physiotherapy)
The Nethersole School of Nursing
Department of Biosciences
Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Center for Biotechnology and Microbiology
Biomedical Engineering Department
Department of Geography
Department of Nuclear Medicine
Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation
Cystic Fibrosis Center
The School of Medicine
Institute of Health and Wellbeing
Biomedical Physics Group
Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy
Department of Medical Laboratories
Department of Biomedical Sciences
School of Physics
Information and Communication Technology Research Pole (Lab-STICC)
Department of Public Health and Community Medicine
International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding
College of Life Sciences
Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry (DBSC)
Cardiovascular Division
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
College of Medicine and Health Sciences
Faculty of Medicine
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Cardiology
College of Medicine and Health Sciences Academic Programs
Independent Consultant
Rehabilitation Sciences Department
Department of Medicine
Department of Parasitology
Department of Parasitology
Department of Urology
Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences
Ophthalmology Department
Nursing Faculty
School of Public Health
Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physical Therapy
Faculty of Nursing
Department of Respiratory Care
Liver
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
American University of the Middle East
Surgical Research Section
Department of Allied Medical Sciences
Department of Nursing
Macro-Fiscal Policy Department
Department of Surgery
Jaber Al Ahmad Al Sabah Hospital
Department of Emergency Medicine
Pediatric Emergency Medicine Department
Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Basic Sciences
Health Science Division
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
Faculty of Health Sciences
Research
Applied Science Research Center
Department of Specialty Internal Medicine
Department of Medicine
Department of Respiratory Therapy
Respiratory Therapy Unit
University of Sharjah
Faculty of Health Sciences
School of Sciences
Research Group in Health Economics
Research Group in Hospital Management and Health Policies
Department of Economic Sciences
National Health Observatory
Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences
Department of Medical Sciences
Department of Clinical Sciences
Department of Pediatrics
Institute of Public Health
Department of Physiotherapy
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Department of Clinical Pharmacy
Evaluation Unit
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