Material extrusion of biomaterials for transformative biomedical applications
Harun W.S.W. Jumadi J. Shaghlil L. Kadirgama K. Sharif S. Foudzi F.M. Thirugnanasambandam A. Ali M.H. Fujio T.
October 2025Elsevier B.V.
Bioprinting
2025#50
Material extrusion (MEX) has emerged as a pivotal additive manufacturing modality, catalysing advancements in materials science and biomedical engineering. While numerous reviews have catalogued the progress in this field, a critical analysis of the inherent tensions and co-dependencies that govern its evolution is lacking. This review provides a unique synthesis by deconstructing the complex co-evolutionary dynamic between MEX technologies and biomaterial science, moving beyond descriptive accounts to critically examine the trade-offs between manufacturing speed, resolution, and biological functionality. We analyse the paradigm shift from bio-inert scaffolds to bio-instructive systems and confront the ‘personalisation paradox’, wherein bespoke patient-specific therapies challenge traditional validation and regulatory frameworks. Key applications in tissue engineering, personalised medical devices, and advanced in vitro models are evaluated not only for their achievements but also for the profound challenges they expose, particularly concerning functional maturation and vascularisation. By integrating these critical viewpoints with an analysis of future directions, including 4D bioprinting, AI-driven biofabrication, and in situ printing, this review articulates that the transformative potential of MEX hinges on resolving longstanding technological, material, and translational hurdles through focused, interdisciplinary collaboration.
Bio-instructive materials , Biomaterials , Bioprinting , Critical analysis , Material extrusion , Tissue engineering
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Automotive Engineering Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, 26600, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Pahang, 26600, Malaysia
Centre for Sustainable Materials & Surface Metamorphosis, Chennai Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600069, India
Fluid Centre, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah Kampus, Gambang Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuantan Pahang, 26300, Malaysia
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Material, Manufacturing, & Industry, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Jalan Iman, Johor Darul Tazim, Skudai, 81310, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, Bangi, 43600, Malaysia
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences (SEDS), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
Automotive Engineering Centre
Faculty of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering Technology
Centre for Sustainable Materials & Surface Metamorphosis
Fluid Centre
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering
Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics
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