Sustainable isolation of cellulose nanofibers with superior crystallinity and thermal stability from Terminalia catappa L. fruit peel waste
Harsha R. Princy Mol A.P. Paul S. Badawi M. Ajithkumar T.G. Rao H.J. Parameswaranpillai J. Nair A.B. Sabura Begum P.M. Dominic C. D M.
July 2025Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery
2025#15Issue 1421557 - 21572 pp.
Turning agricultural waste into value-added products is a key focus of sustainable development. Herein, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were extracted from the pericarp of Terminalia catappa L. for the first time. The CNF was extracted by chlorine-free pretreatment methods followed by oxalic acid hydrolysis (5 wt%) assisted with steam explosion. The prepared CNF were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DTG). FTIR analysis confirmed the successful removal of lignin and hemicellulose during chemical treatment which was again validated by solid-state 13C NMR analysis. TEM image revealed that the diameter of the extracted nanofibers ranges from 14 to 18 nm. From XRD analysis, the crystallinity index of the CNF was 82%, while that of the raw sample was 62 %. The temperature at which the maximum degradation (Tmax) of CNF occurred was found to be 372 °C which is superior to that of the raw sample (334 °C). The extracted cellulose nanofibers were used to prepare cellulose paper, demonstrating a tensile strength of 1.1 MPa, indicating its potential suitability for biodegradable packaging applications.
Cellulose , Cellulose nanofiber , Green synthesis , Waste to wealth
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Department of Botany, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Road, Thevara, Kerala, Kochi, 682013, India
Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire, Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Nancy, 54000, France
Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008, India
Department of Mathematics, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
AU-Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Center, Alliance University, Chandapura-Anekal Main Road, Karnataka, Bengaluru, 562106, India
Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Union Christian College, Kerala, Aluva, 682013, India
Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kerala, Kochi, 682022, India
Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Road, Kerala, Thevara, Kochi, 682013, India
Department of Botany
Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire
Central NMR Facility and Physical/Materials Chemistry Division
Department of Mathematics
AU-Sophisticated Testing and Instrumentation Center
Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry
Department of Applied Chemistry
Department of Chemistry
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